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Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

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  1. Sussman J, Farrugia ME, Maddison P, Hill M, Leite MI, Hilton-Jones D.. Myasthenia gravis: Association of British Neurologists' management guidelines.. Pract Neurol. 2015; Jun;15(3):: 199-206. pmid:25977271 PubMed  
  2. Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ. Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Oct;14(10):1023-36 . pmid:26376969 PubMed  
  3. Binks S1, Vincent A1, Palace J2.. Myasthenia gravis: a clinical-immunological update. J Neurol. 2015. pmid:26705120 PubMed  
  4. Melzer N1, Ruck T2, Fuhr P3, Gold R4, Hohlfeld R5, Marx A6, Melms A7, Tackenberg B8, Schalke B9, Schneider-Gold C4, Zimprich F10, Meuth SG2, Wiendl H11.. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of myasthenia gravis: a supplement to the Guidelines of the German Neurological Society. J Neurol. 2016. pmid: 26886206 PubMed  
  5. Gilhus NE, Kerty E, Løseth S, Mygland Å, Tallaksen C. Myasthenia gravis - optimal treatment and accurate diagnosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2016; Jul 5;136: 12-13. pmid: 27381787 PubMed  
  6. Sato T1, Natori T1, Hata T1, Yamashiro N1, Shindo K1, Takiyama Y2.. of print Camptocormia as an onset symptom of myasthenia gravis.. Neurol Sci. 2016 Nov 3. . pmid:27812759 PubMed  
  7. Jordan B, Schweden TL, Mehl T, Menge U, Zierz S.. Cognitive fatigue in patients with myasthenia gravis.. Muscle Nerve. 2016. pmid:28033668 PubMed  
  8. Fearon C1, Mullins G, Reid V, Smyth S.. Distal myasthenia gravis presenting as isolated distal myopathy. Muscle Nerve. 2015 . pmid:25759217 PubMed  
  9. Punga AR, Maddison P, Heckmann JM, Guptill JT, Evoli A. Epidemiology, diagnostics, and biomarkers of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Feb;21(2):176-188. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00297-0. PMID: 35065040. PubMed  
  10. Peeler CE, De Lott LB, Nagia L, Lemos J, Eggenberger ER, Cornblath WT. Clinical Utility of Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Testing in Ocular Myasthenia Gravis. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Oct 1;72(10):1170-4 . pmid:26258604 PubMed  
  11. Chiou-Tan FY, Gilchrist JM. Repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography in the evaluation of patients with suspected myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: Review of recent literature. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Sep;52(3):455-62 . pmid:26109387 PubMed  
  12. Liik M1, Punga AR2.. Repetitive nerve stimulation often fails to detect abnormal decrement in acute severe generalized Myasthenia Gravis. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Nov;127(11):3480-3484. . pmid:27744133 PubMed  
  13. Morren J1, Li Y1.. Myasthenia gravis with muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies: A narrative review. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Sep;58(3):: 344-358. pmid:29461627 PubMed  
  14. Fakiri MO1, Tavy DL, Hama-Amin AD, Wirtz PW. Accuracy of the ice test in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in patients with ptosis. Muscle Nerve. 2013; Dec;48(6):: 902-4. pmid:23536427 PubMed  
  15. Evoli A, Alboini PE, Iorio R, Damato V, Bartoccioni E. Pattern of ocular involvement in myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Sep;88(9):761-763 . pmid:28601810 PubMed  
  16. Furuta N, Ishizawa K, Shibata M, Tsukagoshi S, Nagamine S, Makioka K, Fujita Y, Ikeda M, Yoshimura S, Motomura M, Okamoto K, Ikeda Y. Anti-MuSK Antibody-positive Myasthenia Gravis Mimicking Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Intern Med. 2015;54(19):2497-501 . pmid:26424311 PubMed  
  17. Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 475-90.
  18. Oh SJ. Myasthenia gravis Lambert-Eaton overlap syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Jan;53(1):20-6 . pmid:26418033 PubMed  
  19. Gilhus NE, Nacu A, Andersen JB, Owe JF. Myasthenia gravis and risks for comorbidity. Eur J Neurol. 2015 Jan;22(1):17-23 . pmid:25354676 PubMed  
  20. Abraham A1, Breiner A1, Barnett C1, Katzberg HD1, Bril V1.. The utility of a single simple question in the evaluation of patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Feb;57(2): 240-244. pmid:28590545 PubMed  
  21. Narayanaswami P, Sanders DB, Wolfe G, Benatar M, Cea G, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Kuntz NL, Massey J, Melms A, Murai H, Nicolle M, Palace J, Richman D, Verschuuren J. International Consensus Guidance for Management of Myasthenia Gravis: 2020 Update. Neurology. 2021 Jan 19;96(3):114-122. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011124. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PMID: 33144515; PMCID: PMC7884987.
  22. Verschuuren JJ, Palace J, Murai H, Tannemaat MR, Kaminski HJ, Bril V. Advances and ongoing research in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Feb;21(2):189-202. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00463-4. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2022 Mar;21(3):e3. PMID: 35065041.
  23. Westerberg E1,2, Molin CJ1, Lindblad I1, Emtner M3,4, Punga AR1.. Physical exercise in myasthenia gravis is safe and improves neuromuscular parameters and physical performance-based measures: A pilot study. Muscle Nerve. 2016. pmid:27935072 PubMed  
  24. Chang CC, Chen YK, Chiu HC, Yeh JH. Changes in Physical Fitness and Body Composition Associated with Physical Exercise in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Longitudinal Prospective Study. J Clin Med. 2021 Sep 6;10(17):4031. PMID: 34501479 PubMed  
  25. Gilhus NE, Romi F, Hong Y, Skeie GO.. Myasthenia gravis and infectious disease.. J Neurol 2018; Jun;265(6):: 1251-1258. pmid:29372387 PubMed  
  26. Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Harms L, Hilton-Jones D, Melms A, Verschuuren J, Horge HW;. Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders.. Eur J Neurol. 2010; Jul;17(7):: 893-902. pmid:20402760 PubMed  
  27. Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Kuntz N, Massey JM, Melms A, Murai H, Nicolle M, Palace J, Richman DP, Verschuuren J, Narayanaswami P.. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: Executive summary.. Neurology. 2016 Jul 26;87(4):419-25. . pmid:27358333 PubMed  
  28. Nowak RJ, Coffey CS, Goldstein JM, Dimachkie MM, Benatar M, Kissel JT, Wolfe GI, Burns TM, Freimer ML, Nations S, Granit V, Smith AG, Richman DP, Ciafaloni E, Al-Lozi MT, Sams LA, Quan D, Ubogu E, Pearson B, Sharma A, Yankey JW, Uribe L, Shy M, Amato AA, Conwit R, O'Connor KC, Hafler DA, Cudkowicz ME, Barohn RJ; NeuroNEXT NN103 BeatMG Study Team. Phase 2 Trial of Rituximab in Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: The BeatMG Study. Neurology. 2021 Dec 2;98(4):e376–89. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013121. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34857535; PMCID: PMC8793103.
  29. Murai H, Utsugisawa K, Nagane Y, Suzuki S, Imai T, Motomura M.. Rationale for the clinical guidelines for myasthenia gravis in Japan.. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018; Feb;1413(1): 35-40. pmid:29377151 PubMed  
  30. Hoffmann S1, Kohler S, Ziegler A, Meisel A.. Glucocorticoids in myasthenia gravis - if, when, how, and how much?. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014; Oct;130(4): 211-21. pmid:25069701 PubMed  
  31. Hart IK, Sathasivam S, Sharshar T. Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 17: CD005224. Cochrane (DOI)  
  32. Ahn SW, Joo IS, Kim BJ, Sung JJ, Kang SY, Oh J, Minn YK, Suh BC, Oh SY, Hong YH, Nam TS, Seok JI, Park YE, Shin HY, Cho EB, Shin JY, Seok HY, Park JS, Min JH, Seok JM, Kim BJ. A multicenter prospective observational study on the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Aug 15;379:271-275 . pmid:28716258 PubMed  
  33. Dos Santos A, Noury JB, Genestet S, Nadaj-Pakleza A, Cassereau J, Baron C, Videt D, Michel L, Pereon Y, Wiertlewski S, Magot A. . Efficacy and safety of rituximab in myasthenia gravis: a French multicentre real-life study. . Eur J Neurol 2020. pmid:32526053 PubMed  
  34. Beecher G, Anderson D, Siddiqi ZA.. Rituximab in refractory myasthenia gravis: Extended prospective study results.. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Sep;58(3):452-455: 452-455. pmid: 29742795 PubMed  
  35. Stieglbauer K, Pichler R, Topakian R.. 10-year-outcomes after rituximab for myasthenia gravis: Efficacy, safety, costs of inhospital care, and impact on childbearing potential.. J Neurol Sci. 2017. pmid: 28320139 PubMed  
  36. Afanasiev V1, Demeret S2, Bolgert F2, Eymard B3, Laforêt P3, Benveniste O4.. Resistant myasthenia gravis and rituximab: A monocentric retrospective study of 28 patients. Neuromuscul Disord. 2017. pmid:28082209 PubMed  
  37. Tandan R1, Hehir MK 2nd1, Waheed W1, Howard DB2.. Rituximab treatment of myasthenia gravis: A systematic review. Muscle Nerve. 2017. pmid:28164324 PubMed  
  38. Robeson KR1, Kumar A1, Keung B1, DiCapua DB1, Grodinsky E2, Patwa HS1, Stathopoulos PA1, Goldstein JM2, O'Connor KC1, Nowak RJ1.. Durability of the Rituximab Response in Acetylcholine Receptor Autoantibody-Positive Myasthenia Gravis.. JAMA Neurol. 2017. pmid:27893014 PubMed  
  39. Iorio R, Damato V, Alboini PE, Evoli A. Efficacy and safety of rituximab for myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2015 May;262(5):1115-9 . pmid:25308632 PubMed  
  40. Topakian R, Zimprich F, Iglseder S, Embacher N, Guger M, Stieglbauer K, Langenscheidt D, Rath J, Quasthoff S, Simschitz P, Wanschitz J, Windisch D, Müller P, Oel D, Schustereder G, Einsiedler S, Eggers C, Löscher W. High efficacy of rituximab for myasthenia gravis: a comprehensive nationwide study in Austria. J Neurol. 2019 Mar;266(3):699-706. PMID: 30649616 PubMed  
  41. Kushlaf H, Li Y. How does rituximab fit in the treatment algorithm of myasthenia gravis? Muscle Nerve. 2021 Sep 21. PMID: 34546572. PubMed  
  42. Keung B1, Robeson KR, DiCapua DB, Rosen JB, O'Connor KC, Goldstein JM, Nowak RJ.. Long-term benefit of rituximab in MuSK autoantibody myasthenia gravis patients.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 ; Dec;84(12: 1407-9. pmid:23761915 PubMed  
  43. Chan F, Swayne A, Gillis D, Walsh M, Henderson RD, McCombe PA, Wong RC, Blum S. Long-term follow-up of patients with myasthenia gravis treated with low-dose rituximab. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 19. pii: jnnp-2018-319410. PMID: 30455407 PubMed  
  44. Piehl F, Eriksson-Dufva A, Budzianowska A, Feresiadou A, Hansson W, Hietala MA, Håkansson I, Johansson R, Jons D, Kmezic I, Lindberg C, Lindh J, Lundin F, Nygren I, Punga AR, Press R, Samuelsson K, Sundström P, Wickberg O, Brauner S, Frisell T. Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab for New-Onset Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: The RINOMAX Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Sep 19:e222887. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2887. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36121672 PubMed  
  45. Chuquilin M, Barohn R. Rituximab in Newly Diagnosed Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: A New Treatment Paradigm? JAMA Neurol. 2022 Sep 19. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2311. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36121665 PubMed  
  46. Suh J, Clarke V, Amato AA, Guidon AC. Safety and outcomes of eculizumab for acetylcholine receptor-positive generalized myasthenia gravis in clinical practice. Muscle Nerve. 2022 Sep;66(3):348-353. doi: 10.1002/mus.27656. Epub 2022 Jun 27. PMID: 35684980 PubMed  
  47. Juel VC, Sanders DB, Hobson-Webb LD, Massey JM, Guptill JT, O'Brien F, Wang JJ, Howard JF Jr.. Marked clinical and jitter improvement after eculizumab in refractory myasthenia.. Muscle Nerve. 2017. pmid:28214342 PubMed  
  48. Howard JF Jr, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, Murai H, Barohn RJ, Illa I, Jacob S, Vissing J, Burns TM, Kissel JT, Muppidi S, Nowak RJ, O'Brien F, Wang JJ, Mantegazza R; REGAIN Study Group. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Oct 20. pii: S1474-4422(17)30369-1 . pmid:29066163 PubMed  
  49. Siddiqi ZA, Nowak RJ, Mozaffar T, O'Brien F, Yountz M, Patti F; REGAIN Study Group. Eculizumab in refractory generalized myasthenia gravis previously treated with rituximab: subgroup analysis of REGAIN and its extension study. Muscle Nerve. 2021 Sep 30. PMID: 34590717. PubMed  
  50. Nelke C, Schroeter CB, Stascheit F, Pawlitzki M, Regner-Nelke L, Huntemann N, Arat E, Öztürk M, Melzer N, Mergenthaler P, Gassa A, Stetefeld H, Schroeter M, Berger B, Totzeck A, Hagenacker T, Schreiber S, Vielhaber S, Hartung HP, Meisel A, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Eculizumab versus rituximab in generalised myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 May;93(5):548-554. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328665. Epub 2022 Mar 4. PMID: 35246490; PMCID: PMC9016243.
  51. Brauner S, Eriksson-Dufva A, Hietala MA, Frisell T, Press R, Piehl F. Comparison Between Rituximab Treatment for New-Onset Generalized Myasthenia Gravis and Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis. JAMA Neurol 2020. pmid:32364568 PubMed  
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  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Kvalitetsutvalget NFKNF
  • Emilia Kerty, spesialist i nevrologi og øyesykdommer, professor dr med