Hopp til hovedinnhold

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Sist revidert:
Sist revidert av:
  1. Gilhus NE, Tzartos S, Evoli A, Palace J, Burns TM, Verschuuren JJGM. Myasthenia gravis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 May 2;5(1):30. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0079-y. PMID: 31048702.
  2. Jordan B, Schweden TL, Mehl T, Menge U, Zierz S.. Cognitive fatigue in patients with myasthenia gravis.. Muscle Nerve. 2016. pmid:28033668 PubMed  
  3. Punga AR, Maddison P, Heckmann JM, Guptill JT, Evoli A. Epidemiology, diagnostics, and biomarkers of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Feb;21(2):176-188. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00297-0. PMID: 35065040. PubMed  
  4. Chiou-Tan FY, Gilchrist JM. Repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography in the evaluation of patients with suspected myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: Review of recent literature. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Sep;52(3):455-62 . pmid:26109387 PubMed  
  5. Liik M1, Punga AR2.. Repetitive nerve stimulation often fails to detect abnormal decrement in acute severe generalized Myasthenia Gravis. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Nov;127(11):3480-3484. . pmid:27744133 PubMed  
  6. Morren J1, Li Y1.. Myasthenia gravis with muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies: A narrative review. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Sep;58(3):: 344-358. pmid:29461627 PubMed  
  7. Fakiri MO1, Tavy DL, Hama-Amin AD, Wirtz PW. Accuracy of the ice test in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in patients with ptosis. Muscle Nerve. 2013; Dec;48(6):: 902-4. pmid:23536427 PubMed  
  8. Evoli A, Alboini PE, Iorio R, Damato V, Bartoccioni E. Pattern of ocular involvement in myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Sep;88(9):761-763 . pmid:28601810 PubMed  
  9. Furuta N, Ishizawa K, Shibata M, Tsukagoshi S, Nagamine S, Makioka K, Fujita Y, Ikeda M, Yoshimura S, Motomura M, Okamoto K, Ikeda Y. Anti-MuSK Antibody-positive Myasthenia Gravis Mimicking Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Intern Med. 2015;54(19):2497-501 . pmid:26424311 PubMed  
  10. Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 475-90.
  11. Gilhus NE, Nacu A, Andersen JB, Owe JF. Myasthenia gravis and risks for comorbidity. Eur J Neurol. 2015 Jan;22(1):17-23 . pmid:25354676 PubMed  
  12. Thomsen JLS, Andersen H. Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials of Patients With Myasthenia Gravis. Front Neurol. 2020 Dec 23;11:596382. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.596382. PMID: 33424747; PMCID: PMC7793650.
  13. Abraham A1, Breiner A1, Barnett C1, Katzberg HD1, Bril V1.. The utility of a single simple question in the evaluation of patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Feb;57(2): 240-244. pmid:28590545 PubMed  
  14. Westerberg E1,2, Molin CJ1, Lindblad I1, Emtner M3,4, Punga AR1.. Physical exercise in myasthenia gravis is safe and improves neuromuscular parameters and physical performance-based measures: A pilot study. Muscle Nerve. 2016. pmid:27935072 PubMed  
  15. Chang CC, Chen YK, Chiu HC, Yeh JH. Changes in Physical Fitness and Body Composition Associated with Physical Exercise in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Longitudinal Prospective Study. J Clin Med. 2021 Sep 6;10(17):4031. PMID: 34501479 PubMed  
  16. Gilhus NE, Romi F, Hong Y, Skeie GO.. Myasthenia gravis and infectious disease.. J Neurol 2018; Jun;265(6):: 1251-1258. pmid:29372387 PubMed  
  17. Sussman J, Farrugia ME, Maddison P, Hill M, Leite MI, Hilton-Jones D.. Myasthenia gravis: Association of British Neurologists' management guidelines.. Pract Neurol. 2015; Jun;15(3):: 199-206. pmid:25977271 PubMed  
  18. Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Kuntz N, Massey JM, Melms A, Murai H, Nicolle M, Palace J, Richman DP, Verschuuren J, Narayanaswami P.. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: Executive summary.. Neurology. 2016 Jul 26;87(4):419-25. . pmid:27358333 PubMed  
  19. Verschuuren JJ, Palace J, Murai H, Tannemaat MR, Kaminski HJ, Bril V. Advances and ongoing research in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Feb;21(2):189-202. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00463-4. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2022 Mar;21(3):e3. PMID: 35065041.
  20. Gilhus NE. Physical training and exercise in myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord. 2021 Mar;31(3):169-173. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.12.004. Epub 2020 Dec 24. PMID: 33461846. PubMed  
  21. Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Harms L, Hilton-Jones D, Melms A, Verschuuren J, Horge HW;. Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders.. Eur J Neurol. 2010; Jul;17(7):: 893-902. pmid:20402760 PubMed  
  22. Hoffmann S1, Kohler S, Ziegler A, Meisel A.. Glucocorticoids in myasthenia gravis - if, when, how, and how much?. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014; Oct;130(4): 211-21. pmid:25069701 PubMed  
  23. Evoli A, Alboini PE, Damato V, Iorio R, Provenzano C, Bartoccioni E, Marino M. Myasthenia gravis with antibodies to MuSK: an update. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Jan;1412(1):82-89. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13518. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29266255.
  24. Zhao C, Pu M, Chen D, Shi J, Li Z, Guo J, Zhang G. Effectiveness and Safety of Rituximab for Refractory Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol. 2021 Oct 13;12:736190. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.736190. PMID: 34721267; PMCID: PMC8548630.
  25. fficacy and Safety of Rituximab for New-Onset Generalized Myasthenia Gravis The RINOMAX Randomized Clinical Tria
  26. Schneider-Gold C, Gilhus NE. Advances and challenges in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021 Dec 21;14:17562864211065406. doi: 10.1177/17562864211065406. PMID: 34987614;
  27. Dalakas MC. Role of complement, anti-complement therapeutics, and other targeted immunotherapies in myasthenia gravis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2022 Jul;18(7):691-701. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2022.2082946. Epub 2022 Jun 23. PMID: 35730504 PubMed  
  28. Saccà F, Pane C, Espinosa PE, Sormani MP, Signori A. Efficacy of innovative therapies in myasthenia gravis: A systematic review, meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2023 May 19. doi: 10.1111/ene.15872. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37204031.
  29. Advances in the therapeutic algorithm for myasthenia gravis.
  30. Bryant A1, Atkins H2, Pringle CE3, Allan D2, Anstee G4, Bence-Bruckler I5, Hamelin L4, Hodgins M6, Hopkins H7, Huebsch L8, McDiarmid S4, Sabloff M2, Sheppard D5, Tay J2, Bredeson C2.. Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. JAMA Neurol 2016. pmid:27043206 PubMed  
  31. Marcuse F, Brandts L, Moens D, Damoiseaux J, Hochstenbag M, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Maessen JG, De Baets M. The association between anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody level and clinical improvement in myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Apr;29(4):1187-1197. doi: 10.1111/ene.15238. Epub 2022 Jan 9. PMID: 34967067;
  32. Elsheikh B, Arnold WD, Gharibshahi S, Reynolds J, Freimer M, Kissel JT. Correlation of single-breath count test and neck flexor muscle strength with spirometry in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Oct 6 . pmid:26437790 PubMed  
  33. Donofrio PD, Berger A, Brannagan TH 3rd, Bromberg MB, Howard JF, Latov N, Quick A, Tandan R. Consensus statement: The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuromuscular conditions report of the aanem AD HOC committee. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40: 890-800. PMID: 19768755 PubMed  
  34. Kerty E, Elsais A, Argov Z, Evoli A, Gilhus NE. EFNS/ENS Guidelines for the treatment of ocular myasthenia. Eur J Neurol. 2014 May;21(5):687-93. doi: 10.1111/ene.12359. Epub 2014 Jan 28. PMID: 24471489. PubMed  
  35. Giannoccaro MP, Paolucci M, Zenesini C, Di Stasi V, Donadio V, Avoni P, Liguori R. Comparison of ice pack test and single-fiber EMG diagnostic accuracy in patients referred for myasthenic ptosis. Neurology. Neurology 2020. pmid:32788239 PubMed  
  36. Belliveau MJ, Oestreicher JH.. Ptosis Repair in Ocular Myasthenia Gravis.. Semin Ophthalmol. 2016 May 18:1-5 . pmid:27191622 PubMed  
  37. Grover KM, Sripathi N. Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy. Muscle Nerve 2020. pmid:32929722 PubMed  
  38. Tsurane K, Tanabe S, Miyasaka N, Matsuda M, Takahara M, Ida T, Kohyama A. Management of labor and delivery in myasthenia gravis: A new protocol. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019 May;45(5):974-980. PMID: 30806001 PubMed  
  39. van den Bersselaar LR, Heytens L, Silva HCA, Reimann J, Tasca G, Díaz-Cambronero Ó, Løkken N, Hellblom A, Hopkins PM, Rueffert H, Bastian B, Vilchez JJ, Gillies R, Johannsen S, Veyckemans F, Muenster T, Klein A, Litman R, Jungbluth H, Riazi S, Voermans NC, Snoeck MMJ. European Neuromuscular Centre consensus statement on anaesthesia in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Dec;29(12):3486-3507. doi: 10.1111/ene.15526. Epub 2022 Sep 14. PMID: 35971866. PubMed  
  40. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2013 Feb 5;133(3):296-9. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0624.Drugs that may trigger or exacerbate myasthenia gravis.Article in NorwegianElsais A, Popperud TH, Melien Ø, Kerty E. PMID: 10874911 PubMed  
  41. Ruiter AM, Verschuuren JJGM, Tannemaat MR. Fatigue in patients with myasthenia gravis. A systematic review of the literature. Neuromuscul Disord. 2020 Aug;30(8):631-639. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.06.010. Epub 2020 Jul 1. PMID: 32718868. PubMed  
  42. Fearon C1, Mullins G, Reid V, Smyth S.. Distal myasthenia gravis presenting as isolated distal myopathy. Muscle Nerve. 2015 . pmid:25759217 PubMed  
  43. Benatar M, Mcdermott MP, Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Barohn RJ, Nowak RJ, Hehir M, Juel V, Katzberg H, Tawil R; Muscle Study Group (MSG).. Efficacy of prednisone for the treatment of ocular myasthenia (EPITOME): A randomized, controlled trial.. Muscle Nerve 2015; Mar;53(3): 363-9. pmid:26179124 PubMed  
  44. Medical and surgical treatment for ocular myasthenia. Benatar M, Kaminski H. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD005081 PMID: 23235620 PubMed  
  45. Norwood F1, Dhanjal M, Hill M, James N, Jungbluth H, Kyle P, O'Sullivan G, Palace J, Robb S, Williamson C, Hilton-Jones D, Nelson-Piercy C.. Myasthenia in pregnancy: best practice guidelines from a U.K. multispecialty working group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; May;85(5: 538-43. pmid:23757420 PubMed  
  46. Gilhus NE, Hong Y.. Maternal myasthenia gravis represents a risk for the child through autoantibody transfer, immunosuppressive therapy and genetic influence.. Eur J Neurol. 2018. pmid:30133097 PubMed  
  47. Vacchiano V, Solli P, Bartolomei I, Lai G, Liguori R, Salvi F. xacerbation of myasthenia gravis after amoxicillin therapy: a case series. Neurol Sci. 2020. pmid:32296986 PubMed  
  48. Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJGM, Hovland SIB, Simmonds H, Groot F, Palace J. Myasthenia gravis: do not forget the patient perspective. Neuromuscul Disord. 2021 Oct 8:S0960-8966(21)00583-6. PMID: 34635387. PubMed  
  49. Petersson M, Feresiadou A, Jons D, Ilinca A, Lundin F, Johansson R, Budzianowska A, Roos AK, Kågström V, Gunnarsson M, Sundström P, Piehl F, Brauner S. Patient-Reported Symptom Severity in a Nationwide Myasthenia Gravis Cohort: Cross-sectional Analysis of the Swedish GEMG Study. Neurology. 2021 Aug 10;97(14):e1382–91. PMID: 34376512 PubMed  
  50. Elsais A, Wyller VB, Loge JH, Kerty E. Fatigue in myasthenia gravis: is it more than muscular weakness?. BMC Neurol. 2013 . pmid:24088269 PubMed  
  51. Jordan B, Schweden TLK, Mehl T, Menge U, Zierz S. Cognitive fatigue in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2017 Sep;56(3):449-457. pmid:28033668 PubMed  
  52. Meisel A, Baggi F, Behin A, Evoli A, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Mantegazza R, Morales RJ, Punga AR, Sacconi S, Schroeter M, Verschuuren J, Crathorne L, Holmes K, Leite MI. Role of autoantibody levels as biomarkers in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis: A systematic review and expert appraisal. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Sep 12. doi: 10.1111/ene.15565. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36094738. PubMed  
  53. Roper J, Fleming ME, Long B, Koyfman A. Myasthenia Gravis and Crisis: Evaluation and Management in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2017 Sep 12 . pmid:28916122 PubMed  
  54. Hehir MK, Hobson-Webb LD, Benatar M, Barnett C, Silvestri NJ, Howard JF Jr, Howard D, Visser A, Crum BA, Nowak R, Beekman R, Kumar A, Ruzhansky K, Chen IA, Pulley MT, LaBoy SM, Fellman MA, Greene SM, Pasnoor M, Burns TM. Rituximab as treatment for anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis: Multicenter blinded prospective review. Neurology. 2017 Sep 5;89(10):1069-1077 . pmid:28801338 PubMed  
  55. Schneider-Gold C, Reinacher-Schick A, Ellrichmann G, Gold R. Bortezomib in severe MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis: first clinical experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2017 Oct;10(10):339-341 . pmid:28966662 PubMed  
  56. Can mycophenolate mofetil be tapered safely in myasthenia gravis? A retrospective, multicenter analysis. Muscle Nerve. 2015. pmid:25906756 PubMed  
  57. Suh J, Clarke V, Amato AA, Guidon AC. Safety and outcomes of eculizumab for acetylcholine receptor-positive generalized myasthenia gravis in clinical practice. Muscle Nerve. 2022 Sep;66(3):348-353. doi: 10.1002/mus.27656. Epub 2022 Jun 27. PMID: 35684980 PubMed  
  58. Phase 2 Trial of Rituximab in Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Generalized Myasthenia Gravis The BeatMG Study
  59. Juel VC, Sanders DB, Hobson-Webb LD, Massey JM, Guptill JT, O'Brien F, Wang JJ, Howard JF Jr.. Marked clinical and jitter improvement after eculizumab in refractory myasthenia.. Muscle Nerve. 2017. pmid:28214342 PubMed  
  60. Howard JF Jr, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, Murai H, Barohn RJ, Illa I, Jacob S, Vissing J, Burns TM, Kissel JT, Muppidi S, Nowak RJ, O'Brien F, Wang JJ, Mantegazza R; REGAIN Study Group. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Oct 20. pii: S1474-4422(17)30369-1 . pmid:29066163 PubMed  
  61. Siddiqi ZA, Nowak RJ, Mozaffar T, O'Brien F, Yountz M, Patti F; REGAIN Study Group. Eculizumab in refractory generalized myasthenia gravis previously treated with rituximab: subgroup analysis of REGAIN and its extension study. Muscle Nerve. 2021 Sep 30. PMID: 34590717. PubMed  
  62. Nelke C, Schroeter CB, Stascheit F, Pawlitzki M, Regner-Nelke L, Huntemann N, Arat E, Öztürk M, Melzer N, Mergenthaler P, Gassa A, Stetefeld H, Schroeter M, Berger B, Totzeck A, Hagenacker T, Schreiber S, Vielhaber S, Hartung HP, Meisel A, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Eculizumab versus rituximab in generalised myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 May;93(5):548-554. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328665. Epub 2022 Mar 4. PMID: 35246490; PMCID: PMC9016243.
  63. Narayanaswami P, Sanders DB, Wolfe G, Benatar M, Cea G, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Kuntz NL, Massey J, Melms A, Murai H, Nicolle M, Palace J, Richman D, Verschuuren J. International Consensus Guidance for Management of Myasthenia Gravis: 2020 Update. Neurology. 2021 Jan 19;96(3):114-122. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011124. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PMID: 33144515; PMCID: PMC7884987.
  64. Brauner S, Eriksson-Dufva A, Hietala MA, Frisell T, Press R, Piehl F. Comparison Between Rituximab Treatment for New-Onset Generalized Myasthenia Gravis and Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis. JAMA Neurol 2020. pmid:32364568 PubMed  
  65. Lu J, Zhong H, Jing S, Wang L, Xi J, Lu J, Zhou L, Zhao C. Low-dose rituximab every 6 months for the treatment of acetylcholine receptor-positive refractory generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 2020. pmid:31875994 PubMed  
  66. Eienbröker C1, Seitz F, Spengler A, Kurz H, Seipelt M, Sommer N, Oertel WH, Timmesfeld N, Tackenberg B.. IVIg maintenance treatment in myasthenia gravis - a RCT sample size simulation. Muscle Nerve. 2014 . pmid:24710856 PubMed  
  67. Wilf-Yarkoni A, Lotan I, Steiner I, Hellmann MA. Chronic low-dose intravenous immunoglobulins as steroid-sparing therapy in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol. 2021 Apr 7. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10544-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33829320. PubMed  
  68. Hart IK, Sathasivam S, Sharshar T. Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 17: CD005224. Cochrane (DOI)  
  69. Induction IV cyclophosphamide followed by maintenance oral immunosuppression in refractory myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2014. pmid:25487528 PubMed  
  70. Chen P1, Feng H1, Deng J1, Luo Y1, Qiu L1, Ou C1, Liu W2.. Leflunomide treatment in corticosteroid-dependent myasthenia gravis: an open-label pilot study. J Neurol. 2016; Jan;263(1):: 83-8. pmid:26514837 PubMed  
  71. on DI1, Pirskanen R2, Piehl F3.. Beneficial effect of tocilizumab in myasthenia gravis refractory to rituximab. Neuromuscul Disord. 2017. pmid:28433474 PubMed  
  72. Howard JF Jr, Bril V, Vu T, Karam C, Peric S, Margania T, Murai H, Bilinska M, Shakarishvili R, Smilowski M, Guglietta A, Ulrichts P, Vangeneugden T, Utsugisawa K, Verschuuren J, Mantegazza R; ADAPT Investigator Study Group. Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (ADAPT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Jul;20(7):526-536. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):e5. PMID: 34146511.
  73. Chuquilin M, Barohn R. Rituximab in Newly Diagnosed Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: A New Treatment Paradigm? JAMA Neurol. 2022 Sep 19. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2311. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36121665 PubMed  
  74. Chan F, Swayne A, Gillis D, Walsh M, Henderson RD, McCombe PA, Wong RC, Blum S. Long-term follow-up of patients with myasthenia gravis treated with low-dose rituximab. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 19. pii: jnnp-2018-319410. PMID: 30455407 PubMed  
  75. Piehl F, Eriksson-Dufva A, Budzianowska A, Feresiadou A, Hansson W, Hietala MA, Håkansson I, Johansson R, Jons D, Kmezic I, Lindberg C, Lindh J, Lundin F, Nygren I, Punga AR, Press R, Samuelsson K, Sundström P, Wickberg O, Brauner S, Frisell T. Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab for New-Onset Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: The RINOMAX Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Sep 19:e222887. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2887. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36121672 PubMed  
  76. Murai H, Utsugisawa K, Nagane Y, Suzuki S, Imai T, Motomura M.. Rationale for the clinical guidelines for myasthenia gravis in Japan.. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018; Feb;1413(1): 35-40. pmid:29377151 PubMed  
  77. Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, Minisman G, Kuo HC, Marx A, Ströbel P, Mazia C, Oger J, Cea JG, Heckmann JM, Evoli A, Nix W, Ciafaloni E, Antonini G, Witoonpanich R, King JO, Beydoun SR, Chalk CH, Barboi AC, Amato AA, Shaibani AI, Katirji B, Lecky BR, Buckley C, Vincent A, Dias-Tosta E, Yoshikawa H, Waddington-Cruz M, Pulley MT, Rivner MH, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Pascuzzi RM, Jackson CE, Garcia Ramos GS, Verschuuren JJ, Massey JM, Kissel JT, Werneck LC, Benatar M, Barohn RJ, Tandan R, Mozaffar T, Conwit R, Odenkirchen J, Sonett JR, Jaretzki A 3rd, Newsom-Davis J, Cutter GR; MGTX Study Group.. Randomized Trial of Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis.. N Engl J Med 2016; Aug 11;375(6): 511-22. pmid:27509100 PubMed  
  78. El-Salem K1, Yassin A, Al-Hayk K, Yahya S, Al-Shorafat D, Dahbour SS.. Treatment of MuSK-Associated Myasthenia Gravis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014; Apr;16(4):: 283. pmid:24504626 PubMed  
  79. Gronseth GS, Barohn R, Narayanaswami P. . Practice advisory: Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (practice parameter update): Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2020. pmid:32213645 PubMed  
  80. Peeler CE, De Lott LB, Nagia L, Lemos J, Eggenberger ER, Cornblath WT. Clinical Utility of Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Testing in Ocular Myasthenia Gravis. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Oct 1;72(10):1170-4 . pmid:26258604 PubMed  
  81. Oh SJ. Myasthenia gravis Lambert-Eaton overlap syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Jan;53(1):20-6 . pmid:26418033 PubMed  
  82. Topakian R, Zimprich F, Iglseder S, Embacher N, Guger M, Stieglbauer K, Langenscheidt D, Rath J, Quasthoff S, Simschitz P, Wanschitz J, Windisch D, Müller P, Oel D, Schustereder G, Einsiedler S, Eggers C, Löscher W. High efficacy of rituximab for myasthenia gravis: a comprehensive nationwide study in Austria. J Neurol. 2019 Mar;266(3):699-706. PMID: 30649616 PubMed  
  83. Kushlaf H, Li Y. How does rituximab fit in the treatment algorithm of myasthenia gravis? Muscle Nerve. 2021 Sep 21. PMID: 34546572. PubMed  
  84. Keung B1, Robeson KR, DiCapua DB, Rosen JB, O'Connor KC, Goldstein JM, Nowak RJ.. Long-term benefit of rituximab in MuSK autoantibody myasthenia gravis patients.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 ; Dec;84(12: 1407-9. pmid:23761915 PubMed  
  85. Afanasiev V1, Demeret S2, Bolgert F2, Eymard B3, Laforêt P3, Benveniste O4.. Resistant myasthenia gravis and rituximab: A monocentric retrospective study of 28 patients. Neuromuscul Disord. 2017. pmid:28082209 PubMed  
  86. Tandan R1, Hehir MK 2nd1, Waheed W1, Howard DB2.. Rituximab treatment of myasthenia gravis: A systematic review. Muscle Nerve. 2017. pmid:28164324 PubMed  
  87. Robeson KR1, Kumar A1, Keung B1, DiCapua DB1, Grodinsky E2, Patwa HS1, Stathopoulos PA1, Goldstein JM2, O'Connor KC1, Nowak RJ1.. Durability of the Rituximab Response in Acetylcholine Receptor Autoantibody-Positive Myasthenia Gravis.. JAMA Neurol. 2017. pmid:27893014 PubMed  
  88. Iorio R, Damato V, Alboini PE, Evoli A. Efficacy and safety of rituximab for myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2015 May;262(5):1115-9 . pmid:25308632 PubMed  
  89. Sato T1, Natori T1, Hata T1, Yamashiro N1, Shindo K1, Takiyama Y2.. of print Camptocormia as an onset symptom of myasthenia gravis.. Neurol Sci. 2016 Nov 3. . pmid:27812759 PubMed  
  90. Dos Santos A, Noury JB, Genestet S, Nadaj-Pakleza A, Cassereau J, Baron C, Videt D, Michel L, Pereon Y, Wiertlewski S, Magot A. . Efficacy and safety of rituximab in myasthenia gravis: a French multicentre real-life study. . Eur J Neurol 2020. pmid:32526053 PubMed  
  91. Beecher G, Anderson D, Siddiqi ZA.. Rituximab in refractory myasthenia gravis: Extended prospective study results.. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Sep;58(3):452-455: 452-455. pmid: 29742795 PubMed  
  92. Stieglbauer K, Pichler R, Topakian R.. 10-year-outcomes after rituximab for myasthenia gravis: Efficacy, safety, costs of inhospital care, and impact on childbearing potential.. J Neurol Sci. 2017. pmid: 28320139 PubMed  
  93. Binks S1, Vincent A1, Palace J2.. Myasthenia gravis: a clinical-immunological update. J Neurol. 2015. pmid:26705120 PubMed  
  94. Melzer N1, Ruck T2, Fuhr P3, Gold R4, Hohlfeld R5, Marx A6, Melms A7, Tackenberg B8, Schalke B9, Schneider-Gold C4, Zimprich F10, Meuth SG2, Wiendl H11.. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of myasthenia gravis: a supplement to the Guidelines of the German Neurological Society. J Neurol. 2016. pmid: 26886206 PubMed  
  95. Gilhus NE, Kerty E, Løseth S, Mygland Å, Tallaksen C. Myasthenia gravis - optimal treatment and accurate diagnosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2016; Jul 5;136: 12-13. pmid: 27381787 PubMed  
  96. Ahn SW, Joo IS, Kim BJ, Sung JJ, Kang SY, Oh J, Minn YK, Suh BC, Oh SY, Hong YH, Nam TS, Seok JI, Park YE, Shin HY, Cho EB, Shin JY, Seok HY, Park JS, Min JH, Seok JM, Kim BJ. A multicenter prospective observational study on the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Aug 15;379:271-275 . pmid:28716258 PubMed  
  97. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tacrolimus in myasthenia gravis.Yoshikawa H, Kiuchi T, Saida T, Takamori M.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;82(9):970-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300148. Epub 2011 Jul 22. Erratum in: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;82(10):1180. PMID: 21784757 PubMed  
  98. Long-term treatment of generalised myasthenia gravis with FK506 (tacrolimus). Konishi T, Yoshiyama Y, Takamori M, Saida T. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;76(3):448-50. PMID: 15716549 PubMed  
  99. Díaz-Manera J, Martínez-Hernández E, Querol L, Klooster R, Rojas-García R, Suárez-Calvet X, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Mazia C, Straasheijm KR, Gallardo E, Juárez C, Verschuuren JJ, Illa I.. Long-lasting treatment effect of rituximab in MuSK myasthenia. Neurology.2012 ; 78(3): 189-93. pmid:22218276 PubMed  
  100. Heckmann JM, Rawoot A, Bateman K, Renison R, Badri M. A single-blinded trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine as steroid-sparing agents in generalized myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol 2011; 11: 97. pmid:21819556 PubMed  
  101. Pasnoor M, He J, Herbelin L, Burns TM, Nations S, Bril V, Wang AK, Elsheikh BH, Kissel JT, Saperstein D, Shaibani JA, Jackson C, Swenson A, Howard JF Jr, Goyal N, David W, Wicklund M, Pulley M, Becker M, Mozaffar T, Benatar M, Pazcuzzi R, Simpson E, Rosenfeld J, Dimachkie MM, Statland JM, Barohn RJ; . A randomized controlled trial of methotrexate for patients with generalized myasthenia gravis.. Neurology. 2016 Jul 5;87(1):57-64 . pmid:27306628 PubMed  
  102. Jing S, Song Y, Song J, Pang S, Quan C, Zhou L, Huang Y, Lu J, Xi J, Zhao C. Responsiveness to low-dose rituximab in refractory generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol. 2017 Oct 15;311:14-21 . pmid:28789841 PubMed  
  103. Roda RH, Doherty L, Corse AM. Stopping oral steroid-sparing agents at initiation of rituximab in myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord. 2019 Jul;29(7):554-561. PMID: 31296355 PubMed  
  104. Evoli A, Alboini PE, Damato V, Iorio R.. 3,4-Diaminopyridine may improve myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies.. Neurology 2016; Mar 15;86(11):: 1070-1.. pmid:26873957 PubMed  
  105. Drachman DB.. Treatment for Refractory Myasthenia Gravis-New Lymphs for Old. JAMA Neurol 2016. pmid: 27044034 PubMed  
  106. O'Hare M, Doughty C. Update on Ocular Myasthenia Gravis. Semin Neurol 2019. pmid:31847046 PubMed  
  107. Melson AT, McClelland CM, Lee MS. Ocular myasthenia gravis: updates on an elusive target. . Curr Opin Neurol 2020. pmid:31789705 PubMed  
  108. Molimard A, Gitiaux C, Barnerias C, Audic F, Isapof A, Walther-Louvier U, Cances C, Espil-Taris C, Davion JB, Quijano-Roy S, Grisel C, Chabrol B, Desguerre I. Rituximab Therapy in the Treatment of Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis: The French Experience. Neurology. 2022 Jun 7;98(23):e2368-e2376. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200288. Epub 2022 Mar 21. PMID: 35314497 PubMed  
  • Nils Erik Gilhus, spesialist i nevrologi, professor
  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Titto Idicula, spesialist i nevrologi, PhD
  • Kvalitetsutvalget NFKNF
  • Emilia Kerty, spesialist i nevrologi og øyesykdommer, professor