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Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

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  1. Gilhus NE, Tzartos S, Evoli A, Palace J, Burns TM, Verschuuren JJGM. Myasthenia gravis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 May 2;5(1):30. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0079-y. PMID: 31048702.
  2. Jordan B, Schweden TL, Mehl T, Menge U, Zierz S.. Cognitive fatigue in patients with myasthenia gravis.. Muscle Nerve. 2016. pmid:28033668 PubMed  
  3. Punga AR, Maddison P, Heckmann JM, Guptill JT, Evoli A. Epidemiology, diagnostics, and biomarkers of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Feb;21(2):176-188. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00297-0. PMID: 35065040. PubMed  
  4. Chiou-Tan FY, Gilchrist JM. Repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography in the evaluation of patients with suspected myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: Review of recent literature. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Sep;52(3):455-62 . pmid:26109387 PubMed  
  5. Liik M1, Punga AR2.. Repetitive nerve stimulation often fails to detect abnormal decrement in acute severe generalized Myasthenia Gravis. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Nov;127(11):3480-3484. . pmid:27744133 PubMed  
  6. Morren J1, Li Y1.. Myasthenia gravis with muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies: A narrative review. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Sep;58(3):: 344-358. pmid:29461627 PubMed  
  7. Fakiri MO1, Tavy DL, Hama-Amin AD, Wirtz PW. Accuracy of the ice test in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in patients with ptosis. Muscle Nerve. 2013; Dec;48(6):: 902-4. pmid:23536427 PubMed  
  8. Evoli A, Alboini PE, Iorio R, Damato V, Bartoccioni E. Pattern of ocular involvement in myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Sep;88(9):761-763 . pmid:28601810 PubMed  
  9. Furuta N, Ishizawa K, Shibata M, Tsukagoshi S, Nagamine S, Makioka K, Fujita Y, Ikeda M, Yoshimura S, Motomura M, Okamoto K, Ikeda Y. Anti-MuSK Antibody-positive Myasthenia Gravis Mimicking Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Intern Med. 2015;54(19):2497-501 . pmid:26424311 PubMed  
  10. Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 475-90.
  11. Gilhus NE, Nacu A, Andersen JB, Owe JF. Myasthenia gravis and risks for comorbidity. Eur J Neurol. 2015 Jan;22(1):17-23 . pmid:25354676 PubMed  
  12. Thomsen JLS, Andersen H. Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials of Patients With Myasthenia Gravis. Front Neurol. 2020 Dec 23;11:596382. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.596382. PMID: 33424747; PMCID: PMC7793650.
  13. Abraham A1, Breiner A1, Barnett C1, Katzberg HD1, Bril V1.. The utility of a single simple question in the evaluation of patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2018; Feb;57(2): 240-244. pmid:28590545 PubMed  
  14. Westerberg E1,2, Molin CJ1, Lindblad I1, Emtner M3,4, Punga AR1.. Physical exercise in myasthenia gravis is safe and improves neuromuscular parameters and physical performance-based measures: A pilot study. Muscle Nerve. 2016. pmid:27935072 PubMed  
  15. Chang CC, Chen YK, Chiu HC, Yeh JH. Changes in Physical Fitness and Body Composition Associated with Physical Exercise in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Longitudinal Prospective Study. J Clin Med. 2021 Sep 6;10(17):4031. PMID: 34501479 PubMed  
  16. Gilhus NE, Romi F, Hong Y, Skeie GO.. Myasthenia gravis and infectious disease.. J Neurol 2018; Jun;265(6):: 1251-1258. pmid:29372387 PubMed  
  17. Sussman J, Farrugia ME, Maddison P, Hill M, Leite MI, Hilton-Jones D.. Myasthenia gravis: Association of British Neurologists' management guidelines.. Pract Neurol. 2015; Jun;15(3):: 199-206. pmid:25977271 PubMed  
  18. Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Kuntz N, Massey JM, Melms A, Murai H, Nicolle M, Palace J, Richman DP, Verschuuren J, Narayanaswami P.. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: Executive summary.. Neurology. 2016 Jul 26;87(4):419-25. . pmid:27358333 PubMed  
  19. Verschuuren JJ, Palace J, Murai H, Tannemaat MR, Kaminski HJ, Bril V. Advances and ongoing research in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Feb;21(2):189-202. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00463-4. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2022 Mar;21(3):e3. PMID: 35065041.
  20. Gilhus NE. Physical training and exercise in myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord. 2021 Mar;31(3):169-173. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.12.004. Epub 2020 Dec 24. PMID: 33461846. PubMed  
  21. Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Harms L, Hilton-Jones D, Melms A, Verschuuren J, Horge HW;. Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders.. Eur J Neurol. 2010; Jul;17(7):: 893-902. pmid:20402760 PubMed  
  22. Hoffmann S1, Kohler S, Ziegler A, Meisel A.. Glucocorticoids in myasthenia gravis - if, when, how, and how much?. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014; Oct;130(4): 211-21. pmid:25069701 PubMed  
  23. Evoli A, Alboini PE, Damato V, Iorio R, Provenzano C, Bartoccioni E, Marino M. Myasthenia gravis with antibodies to MuSK: an update. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Jan;1412(1):82-89. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13518. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29266255.
  24. Zhao C, Pu M, Chen D, Shi J, Li Z, Guo J, Zhang G. Effectiveness and Safety of Rituximab for Refractory Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol. 2021 Oct 13;12:736190. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.736190. PMID: 34721267; PMCID: PMC8548630.
  25. fficacy and Safety of Rituximab for New-Onset Generalized Myasthenia Gravis The RINOMAX Randomized Clinical Tria
  26. Schneider-Gold C, Gilhus NE. Advances and challenges in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021 Dec 21;14:17562864211065406. doi: 10.1177/17562864211065406. PMID: 34987614;
  27. Dalakas MC. Role of complement, anti-complement therapeutics, and other targeted immunotherapies in myasthenia gravis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2022 Jul;18(7):691-701. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2022.2082946. Epub 2022 Jun 23. PMID: 35730504 PubMed  
  28. Saccà F, Pane C, Espinosa PE, Sormani MP, Signori A. Efficacy of innovative therapies in myasthenia gravis: A systematic review, meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2023 May 19. doi: 10.1111/ene.15872. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37204031.
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  31. Marcuse F, Brandts L, Moens D, Damoiseaux J, Hochstenbag M, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Maessen JG, De Baets M. The association between anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody level and clinical improvement in myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Apr;29(4):1187-1197. doi: 10.1111/ene.15238. Epub 2022 Jan 9. PMID: 34967067;
  32. Elsheikh B, Arnold WD, Gharibshahi S, Reynolds J, Freimer M, Kissel JT. Correlation of single-breath count test and neck flexor muscle strength with spirometry in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Oct 6 . pmid:26437790 PubMed  
  33. Donofrio PD, Berger A, Brannagan TH 3rd, Bromberg MB, Howard JF, Latov N, Quick A, Tandan R. Consensus statement: The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuromuscular conditions report of the aanem AD HOC committee. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40: 890-800. PMID: 19768755 PubMed  
  34. Kerty E, Elsais A, Argov Z, Evoli A, Gilhus NE. EFNS/ENS Guidelines for the treatment of ocular myasthenia. Eur J Neurol. 2014 May;21(5):687-93. doi: 10.1111/ene.12359. Epub 2014 Jan 28. PMID: 24471489. PubMed  
  35. Giannoccaro MP, Paolucci M, Zenesini C, Di Stasi V, Donadio V, Avoni P, Liguori R. Comparison of ice pack test and single-fiber EMG diagnostic accuracy in patients referred for myasthenic ptosis. Neurology. Neurology 2020. pmid:32788239 PubMed  
  36. Belliveau MJ, Oestreicher JH.. Ptosis Repair in Ocular Myasthenia Gravis.. Semin Ophthalmol. 2016 May 18:1-5 . pmid:27191622 PubMed  
  37. Grover KM, Sripathi N. Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy. Muscle Nerve 2020. pmid:32929722 PubMed  
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  39. van den Bersselaar LR, Heytens L, Silva HCA, Reimann J, Tasca G, Díaz-Cambronero Ó, Løkken N, Hellblom A, Hopkins PM, Rueffert H, Bastian B, Vilchez JJ, Gillies R, Johannsen S, Veyckemans F, Muenster T, Klein A, Litman R, Jungbluth H, Riazi S, Voermans NC, Snoeck MMJ. European Neuromuscular Centre consensus statement on anaesthesia in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Dec;29(12):3486-3507. doi: 10.1111/ene.15526. Epub 2022 Sep 14. PMID: 35971866. PubMed  
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  43. Benatar M, Mcdermott MP, Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Barohn RJ, Nowak RJ, Hehir M, Juel V, Katzberg H, Tawil R; Muscle Study Group (MSG).. Efficacy of prednisone for the treatment of ocular myasthenia (EPITOME): A randomized, controlled trial.. Muscle Nerve 2015; Mar;53(3): 363-9. pmid:26179124 PubMed  
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  48. Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJGM, Hovland SIB, Simmonds H, Groot F, Palace J. Myasthenia gravis: do not forget the patient perspective. Neuromuscul Disord. 2021 Oct 8:S0960-8966(21)00583-6. PMID: 34635387. PubMed  
  49. Petersson M, Feresiadou A, Jons D, Ilinca A, Lundin F, Johansson R, Budzianowska A, Roos AK, Kågström V, Gunnarsson M, Sundström P, Piehl F, Brauner S. Patient-Reported Symptom Severity in a Nationwide Myasthenia Gravis Cohort: Cross-sectional Analysis of the Swedish GEMG Study. Neurology. 2021 Aug 10;97(14):e1382–91. PMID: 34376512 PubMed  
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  • Nils Erik Gilhus, spesialist i nevrologi, professor
  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Titto Idicula, spesialist i nevrologi, PhD
  • Kvalitetsutvalget NFKNF
  • Emilia Kerty, spesialist i nevrologi og øyesykdommer, professor