Hopp til hovedinnhold

Amyotrofisk Lateral Sklerose ALS

Sist oppdatert: Sist revidert:
Sist revidert av:


  1. Nakken O, Lindstrøm J, Tysnes OB5, Holmøy T. Mortality trends of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Norway 1951-2014: an age-period-cohort study. J Neurol. 2016; Dec;263(12):: 2378-2385. pmid:27586392 PubMed  
  2. Nakken O, Lindstrøm JC, Tysnes OB, Holmøy T. Assessing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prevalence in Norway from 2009 to 2015 from compulsory nationwide health registers.. troph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2018; May;19(3-4): 303-310. pmid:29271248 PubMed  
  3. Turner MR, Swash M. The expanding syndrome of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical and molecular odyssey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86: 667-673. pmid:25644224 PubMed  
  4. Ryan M, Heverin M, McLaughlin RL, Hardiman O.. Lifetime Risk and Heritability of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.. JAMA Neurol. 2019. pmid:31329211 PubMed  
  5. Su FC, Goutman SA, Chernyak S, Mukherjee B, Callaghan BC, Batterman S, Feldman EL. Association of Environmental Toxins With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Jul 1;73(7):803-11 . pmid:27159543 PubMed  
  6. Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, de Carvalho M, Chio A, Van Damme P, Hardiman O, Kollewe K, Morrison KE, Petri S, Pradat PF, Silani V, Tomik B, Wasner M, Weber M. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS)--revised report of an EFNS task force.EFNS Task Force on Diagnosis and Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis .Eur J Neurol. 2012 Mar;19(3):360-75. PMID: 21914052 PubMed  
  7. R. G. Miller, C. E. Jackson, E. J. Kasarskis, J. D. England, D. Forshew, W. Johnston, S. Kalra, J. S. Katz, H. Mitsumoto, J. Rosenfeld, C. Shoesmith, M. J. Strong, and S. C. Woolley. Practice Parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2009; 73: 1218-1226. Neurology  
  8. Radunović A, Mitsumoto H, Leigh PN. Clinical care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2007;6(10):913-25. PMID: 17884681 PubMed  
  9. Masrori P, Van Damme P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jun 11;27(10):1918–29. PMID: 32526057 PubMed  
  10. Goutman SA, Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chió A, Savelieff MG, Kiernan MC, Feldman EL. Recent advances in the diagnosis and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2022 May;21(5):480-493. PMID: 35334233. PubMed  
  11. Feldman EL, Goutman SA, Petri S, Mazzini L, Savelieff MG, Shaw PJ, Sobue G. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet. 2022 Oct 15;400(10360):1363-1380. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01272-7. Epub 2022 Sep 15. PMID: 36116464. PubMed  
  12. Goutman SA, Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chió A, Savelieff MG, Kiernan MC, Feldman EL. Recent advances in the diagnosis and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2022 May;21(5):480-493. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00465-8. Epub 2022 Mar 22. PMID: 35334233 PubMed  
  13. Turner MR, Talbot K. Mimics and chameleons in motor neurone disease. Pract Neurol 2013; 3: 153-64. pmid: 23616620 PubMed  
  14. Corcia P, Bede P, Pradat PF, Couratier P, Vucic S, de Carvalho M. Split-hand and split-limb phenomena in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: pathophysiology, electrophysiology and clinical manifestations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021 Jul 20:jnnp-2021-326266. PMID: 34285065. PubMed  
  15. Khalaf R1, Martin S1, Ellis C2, Burman R2, Sreedharan J1,2, Shaw C1,2, Leigh PN3, Turner MR4, Al-Chalabi A5,2.. Relative preservation of triceps over biceps strength in upper limb-onset ALS: the 'split elbow'. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019; Jul;90(7):: 730-733. pmid:30846542 PubMed  
  16. Simon NG1, Lee M, Bae JS, Mioshi E, Lin CS, Pfluger CM, Henderson RD, Vucic S, Swash M, Burke D, Kiernan MC.. Dissociated lower limb muscle involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol. 2015; Jun;262(6):1424-32: 1424-32. pmid:25845764 PubMed  
  17. Antelmi E, Plazzi G, Erro R, Tinuper P, Balint B, Liguori R, Bhatia KP. Intermittent head drops: the differential spectrum. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;87(4):414-9 . pmid:26085650 PubMed  
  18. Beeldman E, Raaphorst J, Klein Twennaar M, de Visser M, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ.. The cognitive profile of ALS: a systematic review and meta-analysis update.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015. pmid:26283685 PubMed  
  19. Connolly S, Galvin M, Hardiman O. End-of-life management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14: 435-42. pmid:25728958 PubMed  
  20. Beeldman E, Raaphorst J, Klein Twennaar M, de Visser M, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ. The cognitive profile of ALS: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;87(6):611-9 . pmid:26283685 PubMed  
  21. Mori A, Yamashita S, Nakajima M, Hori H, Tawara A, Matsuo Y, Misumi Y, Ando . CMAP decrement as a potential diagnostic marker for ALS.. Acta Neurol Scand 2015. pmid:26434688 PubMed  
  22. Agosta F, Spinelli EG, Filippi M. Neuroimaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current and emerging uses. Expert Rev Neurother. 2018 May;18(5):395-406. PMID: 29630421. PubMed  
  23. Budhu J, Rosenthal J, Williams E, Milligan T. Teaching NeuroImages: The Motor Band Sign in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurology. 2021 Feb 16;96(7):e1092-e1093. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010848. Epub 2020 Sep 14. PMID: 32928977. PubMed  
  24. Klickovic U1, Zampedri L1, Sinclair CDJ1, Wastling SJ1, Trimmel K1, Howard RS1, Malaspina A1, Sharma N1, Sidle K1, Emira A1, Shah S1, Yousry TA1, Hanna MG1, Greensmith L1, Morrow JM1, Thornton JS2, Fratta P2.. Klickovic U1, Zampedri L1, Sinclair CDJ1, Wastling SJ1, Trimmel K1, Howard RS1, Malaspina A1, Sharma N1, Sidle K1, Emira A1, Shah S1, Yousry TA1, Hanna MG1, Greensmith L1, Morrow JM1, Thornton JS2, Fratta P2.. Neurology. 2019. pmid:31391248 PubMed  
  25. Van Laere K1, Vanhee A2, Verschueren J3, De Coster L3, Driesen A2, Dupont P2, Robberecht W4, Van Damme P4.. Value of 18fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a prospective study.. JAMA Neurol. 2014; May;71(5): 553-61. pmid:24615479 PubMed  
  26. Cosgrove J, Jamieson S, Chowdhury FU. Teaching NeuroImages: Hypometabolism of the primary motor cortex in primary lateral sclerosis: The stripe sign.. Neurology 2015. PMID: 27163663 PubMed  
  27. Kwan J, Vullaganti M. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mimics. Muscle Nerve. 2022 Sep;66(3):240-252. doi: 10.1002/mus.27567. Epub 2022 May 24. PMID: 35607838. PubMed  
  28. Denora PS, Smets K, Zolfanelli F, Ceuterick-de Groote C, Casali C, Deconinck T, Sieben A, Gonzales M, Zuchner S, Darios F, Peeters D, Brice A, Malandrini A, De Jonghe P, Santorelli FM, Stevanin G, Martin JJ, El Hachimi KH. Motor neuron degeneration in spastic paraplegia 11 mimics amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lesions. Brain. 2016 Jun;139(Pt 6):1723-34 . pmid:27016404 PubMed  
  29. Wirsching I, Ort N, Üçeyler N. ALS or ALS mimic by neuroborreliosis-A case report. Clin Case Rep. 2019 Dec 11;8(1):86-91. PMID: 31998493 PubMed  
  30. Kiernan MC. Fasciculation anxiety syndrome in clinicians: FASICS. Pract Neurol. 2020 Dec;20(6):433-434. PMID: 33229448. PubMed  
  31. Ito D, Hashizume A, Hijikata Y, Yamada S, Iguchi Y, Iida M, Kishimoto Y, Moriyoshi H, Hirakawa A, Katsuno M. Elevated serum creatine kinase in the early stage of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol. 2019 Dec;266(12):2952-2961. PMID: 31456060. PubMed  
  32. Hakeem H, Uz Zaman M, Khan S. Hypoparathyroidism - a rare mimicker of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Aug 12 . pmid: 27514792 PubMed  
  33. Kollewe K, Wurster U, Sinzenich T, Körner S, Dengler R, Mohammadi B, Petri S. Anti-ganglioside antibodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis revisited. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 14;10(4):e0125339. PMID: 25875836 PubMed  
  34. Sista SR, Crum B, Aboseif A, Devine MF, Zekeridou A, Hammami MB, Rezk MM, Truffert A, Lalive PH, Kunchok A, McKeon A, Dubey D. Motor-neuron-disease-like phenotype associated with IgLON5 disease. J Neurol. 2022 Nov;269(11):6139-6144. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11262-0. Epub 2022 Jul 20. PMID: 35857139 PubMed  
  35. Jongbloed BA, Haakma W, Goedee HS, Bos JW, Bos C, Hendrikse J, Van Den Berg LH, Van Der Pol WL. Comparative study of peripheral nerve Mri and ultrasound in multifocal motor neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Aug 29 . pmid:27571543 PubMed  
  36. Tobias Skillbäck, Niklas Mattsson, Kaj Blennow, Henrik Zetterberg. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light concentration in motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia predicts survival. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration 2017. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.182 DOI  
  37. Dreger M, Steinbach R, Otto M, Turner MR, Grosskreutz J. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease activity and progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 Apr;93(4):422-435. PMID: 35105727 PubMed  
  38. Sturmey E, Malaspina A. Blood biomarkers in ALS: challenges, applications and novel frontiers. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022 Oct;146(4):375-388. doi: 10.1111/ane.13698. PMID: 36156207. PubMed  
  39. Ammar Al-Chalabi, Leonard H. van den Berg, Jan Veldink . Gene discovery in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: implications for clinical management. Nature Reviews Neurology 13, 96–104) 2017. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.182 DOI  
  40. Gjerde KV, Tysnes OB. Genetic coherence between hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2014; 134: 302-6. pmid:24518478 PubMed  
  41. Chia R, Chiò A, Traynor BJ. Novel genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: diagnostic and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Jan;17(1):94-102. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30401-5. Epub 2017 Nov 16. Review. PMID: 29154141 PubMed  
  42. Dharmadasa T, Scaber J, Edmond E, Marsden R, Thompson A, Talbot K, Turner MR. Genetic testing in motor neurone disease. Pract Neurol. 2022 Apr;22(2):107-116. PMID: 35027459 PubMed  
  43. Chiò A, Calvo A, Moglia C, Mazzini L, Mora G; PARALS study group. Phenotypic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(7):740-6.
  44. Turner MR, Al-Chalabi A, Chio A, Hardiman O, Kiernan MC, Rohrer JD, Rowe J, Seeley W, Talbot K.. Genetic screening in sporadic ALS and FTD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017. pmid:28642287 PubMed  
  45. de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, England JD, Kaji R, Kimura J, Mills K, Mitsumoto H, Nodera H, Shefner J, Swash M. Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119(3):497-503. PMID: 18164242 PubMed  
  46. Shefner JM, Al-Chalabi A, Baker MR, Cui LY, de Carvalho M, Eisen A, Grosskreutz J, Hardiman O, Henderson R, Matamala JM, Mitsumoto H, Paulus W, Simon N, Swash M, Talbot K, Turner MR, Ugawa Y, van den Berg LH, Verdugo R, Vucic S, Kaji R, Burke D, Kiernan MC. A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Aug;131(8):1975-1978. PMID: 32387049. PubMed  
  47. Turner MR; UK MND Clinical Studies Group. Diagnosing ALS: the Gold Coast criteria and the role of EMG. Pract Neurol. 2022 Jun;22(3):176-178. PMID: 34992096. PubMed  
  48. Swash M. Why are upper motor neuron signs difficult to elicit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;83(6):659-62. PMID:22496581 PubMed  
  49. Pinto WBVR, Debona R, Nunes PP, Assis ACD, Lopes CG, Bortholin T, Dias RB, Naylor FGM, Chieia MAT, Souza PVS, Oliveira ASB. Atypical Motor Neuron Disease variants: Still a diagnostic challenge in Neurology. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2019 Apr;175(4):221-232. PMID: 30846210. PubMed  
  50. Bäumer D1, Butterworth R, Menke RA, Talbot K, Hofer M, Turner MR. Progressive hemiparesis (Mills syndrome) with aphasia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 2014; 82: 457-8. pmid:24363135 PubMed  
  51. Porto FH, Coutinho AM, Lucato LT, Buchpiguel CA, Nitrini R. Teaching NeuroImages: Mills syndrome: Metabolic and structural neuroimaging aids to the diagnostic. Neurology. 2016 Aug 2;87(5):e54 . pmid:27481464 PubMed  
  52. Turner MR, Talbot K. Primary lateral sclerosis: diagnosis and management. Pract Neurol. 2020 Aug;20(4):262-269. PMID: 32217663. PubMed  
  53. Hassan A, Mittal SO, Hu WT, Josephs KA, Sorenson EJ, Ahlskog JE. Natural History of "Pure" Primary Lateral Sclerosis. Neurology. 2021 Apr 27;96(17):e2231-e2238. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011771. Epub 2021 Feb 26. PMID: 33637635 PubMed  
  54. Turner MR, Barohn RJ, Corcia P, Fink JK, Harms MB, Kiernan MC, Ravits J, Silani V, Simmons Z, Statland J, van den Berg LH; Delegates of the 2nd International PLS Conference, Mitsumoto H. Primary lateral sclerosis: consensus diagnostic criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Apr;91(4):373-377. PMID: 32029539; PMCID
  55. Hübers A, Hildebrandt V, Petri S, Kollewe K, Hermann A, Storch A, Hanisch F, Zierz S, Rosenbohm A, Ludolph AC, Dorst J. Clinical features and differential diagnosis of flail arm syndrome. J Neurol. 2016 Feb;263(2):390-5 . pmid:26705123 PubMed  
  56. Pinto WBVR, Farias IB, Badia BML, Libardi Silva LH, Yanagiura MT, Chieia MAT, Souza PVS, Oliveira ASB.. Finger extension weakness and downbeat nystagmus motor neurone disease (FEWDON-MND).. Pract Neurol. 2019; Oct;19(5):: 424-426. pmid:31018990 PubMed  
  57. Seitzer F, Kahrass H, Neitzke G, Strech D. The full spectrum of ethical issues in the care of patients with ALS: a systematic qualitative review. J Neurol. 2016 Feb;263(2):201-9 . pmid:26223806 PubMed  
  58. Holmøy T, Aarrestad S, Engstrand P,Ottesen S, Syse A, Førde R. Avslutning av respiratorbehandling ved amyotrofisk lateral sklerose. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2009; 129: 628-31. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening  
  59. Rooney J, Byrne S, Heverin M, Tobin K, Dick A, Donaghy C, Hardiman O. A multidisciplinary clinic approach improves survival in ALS: a comparative study of ALS in Ireland and Northern Ireland.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014. pmid:25550416 PubMed  
  60. Writing Group; Edaravone (MCI-186) ALS 19 Study Group. Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol Jul;16(7):505-512 2017 . doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30115-1 DOI  
  61. Shefner J, Heiman-Patterson T, Pioro EP, Wiedau-Pazos M, Liu S, Zhang J, Agnese W, Apple S. Long-term edaravone efficacy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Post-hoc analyses of Study 19 (MCI186-19). Muscle Nerve. 2020 Feb;61(2):218-221. PMID: 31621933 PubMed  
  62. Witzel S, Maier A, Steinbach R, Grosskreutz J, Koch JC, Sarikidi A, Petri S, Günther R, Wolf J, Hermann A, Prudlo J, Cordts I, Lingor P, Löscher WN, Kohl Z, Hagenacker T, Ruckes C, Koch B, Spittel S, Günther K, Michels S, Dorst J, Meyer T, Ludolph AC; German Motor Neuron Disease Network (MND-NET). Safety and Effectiveness of Long-term Intravenous Administration of Edaravone for Treatment of Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Feb 1;79(2):121-130. PMID: 35006266 PubMed  
  63. Kaji R1, Imai T2,3, Iwasaki Y4, Okamoto K5, Nakagawa M6, Ohashi Y7, Takase T8, Hanada T8, Shimizu H8, Tashiro K9, Kuzuhara S10.. Ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a long-term phase II/III randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019; Apr;90(4):: 451-457. pmid:30636701 PubMed  
  64. Oki R, Izumi Y, Fujita K, Miyamoto R, Nodera H, Sato Y, Sakaguchi S, Nokihara H, Kanai K, Tsunemi T, Hattori N, Hatanaka Y, Sonoo M, Atsuta N, Sobue G, Shimizu T, Shibuya K, Ikeda K, Kano O, Nishinaka K, Kojima Y, Oda M, Komai K, Kikuchi H, Kohara N, Urushitani M, Nakayama Y, Ito H, Nagai M, Nishiyama K, Kuzume D, Shimohama S, Shimohata T, Abe K, Ishihara T, Onodera O, Isose S, Araki N, Morita M, Noda K, Toda T, Maruyama H, Furuya H, Teramukai S, Kagimura T, Noma K, Yanagawa H, Kuwabara S, Kaji R; Japan Early-Stage Trial of Ultrahigh-Dose Methylcobalamin for ALS (JETALS) Collaborators. Efficacy and Safety of Ultrahigh-Dose Methylcobalamin in Early-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2022 May 9:e220901. PMID: 35532908 PubMed  
  65. Kaji R, Imai T, Iwasaki Y, Okamoto K, Nakagawa M, Ohashi Y, Takase T, Hanada T, Shimizu H, Tashiro K, Kuzuhara S. Ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a long-term phase II/III randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 Jan 13. pii: jnnp-2018-319294. PMID: 30636701 PubMed  
  66. Glass JD, Hertzberg VS, Boulis NM, Riley J, Federici T, Polak M, Bordeau J, Fournier C, Johe K, Hazel T, Cudkowicz M, Atassi N, Borges LF, Rutkove SB, Duell J, Patil PG, Goutman SA, Feldman EL. Transplantation of spinal cord-derived neural stem cells for ALS: Analysis of phase 1 and 2 trials. Neurology. 2016 Jul 26;87(4):392-400 . pmid:27358335 PubMed  
  67. Weiss MD, Macklin EA, Simmons Z, Knox AS, Greenblatt DJ, Atassi N, Graves M, Parziale N, Salameh JS, Quinn C, Brown RH Jr, Distad JB, Trivedi J, Shefner JM, Barohn RJ, Pestronk A, Swenson A, Cudkowicz ME; Mexiletine ALS Study Group.. A randomized trial of mexiletine in ALS: Safety and effects on muscle cramps and progression.. Neurology 2016. pmid:26911633 PubMed  
  68. McGeachan AJ, Mcdermott CJ. Management of oral secretions in neurological disease. Pract Neurol. 2017 Apr;17(2):96-103 . pmid:28188210 PubMed  
  69. Banfi P, Ticozzi N, Lax A, Guidugli GA, Nicolini A, Silani V. A Review of Options for Treating Sialorrhea in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Respir Care 2014. pmid:25228780 PubMed  
  70. Amador Mdel M, Assouline A, Gonzalez-Bermejo J, Pradat PF Radiotherapy treatment of sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis requiring non-invasive ventilation. J Neurol. 2015 Aug;262(8):1981-3 . pmid:26174654 PubMed  
  71. Garuti G, Mandrioli J, Esquinas AM. Radiotherapy treatment of the salivary glands, sialorrhea, and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: what are we doing?. J Neurol. 2016 Mar;263(3):583-4 . pmid:26725093 PubMed  
  72. Weikamp JG, Schinagl DA, Verstappen CC, Schelhaas HJ, de Swart BJ, Kalf JG.. Botulinum toxin-A injections vs radiotherapy for drooling in ALS. Acta Neurol Scand. 2016 Sep;134(3):224-31 . pmid:26803950 PubMed  
  73. Tracheostomy and salivary gland radiotherapy for severe sialorrhoea in motor neurone disease. Tracheostomy and salivary gland radiotherapy for severe sialorrhoea in motor neurone disease. Pract Neurol. 2017. pmid:28778928 PubMed  
  74. James E, Ellis C, Brassington R, Sathasivam S, Young CA. Treatment for sialorrhea (excessive saliva) in people with motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 20;5(5):CD006981. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006981.pub3. PMID: 35593746 PubMed  
  75. Oskarsson B, Moore D, Mozaffar T, Ravits J, Wiedau-Pazos M, Parziale N, Joyce NC, Mandeville R, Goyal N, Cudkowicz ME, Weiss M, Miller RG, McDonald CM. Mexiletine for muscle cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind crossover trial. Muscle Nerve. 2018 Mar 6. doi: 10.1002/mus.26117. Epub ahead of print PMID: 29510461 PubMed  
  76. Husbands E, Talbot K. Pathological laughter and crying in neurological disorders: recognition and treatment. Pract Neurol. 2022 Dec;22(6):486-490. doi: 10.1136/pn-2021-003301. Epub 2022 Jul 30. PMID: 35907635. PubMed  
  77. Thakore NJ, Pioro EP. Depression in ALS in a large self-reporting cohort. Neurology. 2016 Mar 15;86(11):1031-8 . pmid: 26888995 PubMed  
  78. Chiò A, Mora G, Lauria G. Pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Feb;16(2):144-157. pmid:27964824 PubMed  
  79. Bourke SC, Tomlinson M, Williams TL, Bullock RE, Shaw PJ, Gibson GJ. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2006;5(2):140-7. PMID: 16426990 PubMed  
  80. Prell T, Ringer TM, Wullenkord K, Garrison P, Gunkel A, Stubendorff B, Witte OW, Grosskreutz J. Assessment of pulmonary function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: when can polygraphy help evaluate the need for non-invasive ventilation?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 24 . pmid: 27010615 PubMed  
  81. Plowman EK, Watts SA, Tabor L, Robison R, Gaziano J, Domer AS, Richter J, Vu T, Gooch C. Impact of expiratory strength training in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Nov 24 . pmid:26599236 PubMed  
  82. Berlowitz DJ, Howard ME, Fiore JF Jr, Vander Hoorn S, O'Donoghue FJ, Westlake J, Smith A, Beer F, Mathers S, Talman P. Identifying who will benefit from non-invasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease in a clinical cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015 . pmid: 25857659 PubMed  
  83. Boentert M1, Brenscheidt I2, Glatz C2, Young P2.. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on objective sleep and nocturnal respiration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.. J Neurol. 2015; Sep;262(9):: 2073-82.. pmid:26076745 PubMed  
  84. Radunovic A, Annane D, Rafiq MK, Brassington R, Mustfa N. . Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017. pmid: 28982219 PubMed  
  85. Gonzalez-Bermejo J, Morélot-Panzini C, Tanguy ML, Meininger V, Pradat PF, Lenglet T, Bruneteau G, Forestier NL, Couratier P, Guy N, Desnuelle C, Prigent H, Perrin C, Attali V, Fargeot C, Nierat MC, Royer C, Ménégaux F, Salachas F, Similowski T. Early diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (RespiStimALS): a randomised controlled triple-blind trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Nov;15(12):1217-1227 . pmid:27751553 PubMed  
  86. DiPALS Writing Committee; DiPALS Study Group Collaborators.. Safety and efficacy of diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory insufficiency due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (DiPALS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.. Lancet Neurol 2015; Sep;14(9):883-92: 883-92. pmid:26234554 PubMed  
  87. Aust E, Linse K, Graupner ST, Joos M, Liebscher D, Grosskreutz J, Prudlo J, Meyer T, Günther R, Pannasch S, Hermann A. Quality of life and mental health in the locked-in-state-differences between patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their next of kin. J Neurol. 2022 Nov;269(11):5910-5925. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11238-0. Epub 2022 Jul 6. PMID: 35790562 PubMed  
  88. Tysnes OB, Holmøy T, Indrekvam S, Fondenæs O. Ventilation of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2021 May 14;141(8). English, Norwegian. PMID: 34047159. PubMed  
  89. (ProGas): a prospective cohort study.. Gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Lancet Neurol 2015; Aug;350(2): 95-7. pmid:26027943 PubMed  
  90. Cognitive impairment across ALS clinical stages in a population-based cohort.. Chiò A, Moglia C, Canosa A, Manera U, Vasta R, Brunetti M, Barberis M, Corrado L, D'Alfonso S, Bersano E, Sarnelli MF, Solara V, Zucchetti JP, Peotta L, Iazzolino B, Mazzini L, Mora G, Calvo A. 2019. pmid:31409738 PubMed  
  91. Holmøy T, Worren T. Kommunikasjonshjelpemidler ved amyotrofisk lateral sklerose. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2006; 126: 2523-5. PMID: 17028633 PubMed  
  92. Gladman M, Dehaan M, Pinto H, Geerts W, Zinman L. Venous thromboembolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a prospective study. Neurology 2014; 82: 1674-7. pmid:24727309 PubMed  
  93. Pinto S, Swash M, de Carvalho M. Does surgery accelerate progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85: 643-6. pmid:23922387 PubMed  
  94. deCarvalho M, Gromicho M, Andersen P, Grosskreutz J, Kuzma-Kozakiewicz M, Petri S, Uysal H, Pinto S. Peripheral neuropathy in ALS: phenotype association. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021 Oct;92(10):1133-1134. PMID: 33372053. PubMed  
  95. Calvo A, Canosa A, Bertuzzo D, Cugnasco P, Solero L, Clerico M, De Mercanti S, Bersano E, Cammarosano S, Ilardi A, Manera U, Moglia C, Marinou K, Bottacchi E, Pisano F, Mora G, Mazzini L, Chiò A. Influence of cigarette smoking on ALS outcome: a population-based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;87(11):1229-1233 . pmid: 27656044 PubMed  
  • Trygve Holmøy, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med