Hopp til hovedinnhold

Behandling av MS

Sist oppdatert: Publisert:
Sist revidert av:


  1. Portaccio E, Fonderico M, Iaffaldano P, Pastò L, Razzolini L, Bellinvia A, De Luca G, Ragonese P, Patti F, Brescia Morra V, Cocco E, Sola P, Inglese M, Lus G, Pozzilli C, Maimone D, Lugaresi A, Gazzola P, Comi G, Pesci I, Spitaleri D, Rezzonico M, Vianello M, Avolio C, Logullo FO, Granella F, Salvetti M, Zaffaroni M, Lucisano G, Filippi M, Trojano M, Amato MP; Italian Multiple Sclerosis Register Centers Group. Disease-Modifying Treatments and Time to Loss of Ambulatory Function in Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Sep 1;79(9):869-878. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1929. PMID: 35877104; PMCID: PMC9315975.
  2. Capanna M, Signori A, Sormani MP. Is the effect of drugs in progressive MS only due to an effect on inflammation? A subgroup meta-analysis of randomised trials. Mult Scler. 2022 Oct;28(11):1744-1751. doi: 10.1177/13524585221094944. Epub 2022 May 17. PMID: 35581943. PubMed  
  3. He A, Merkel B, Brown JWL, Zhovits Ryerson L, Kister I, Malpas CB, et al. Timing of high-efficacy therapy for multiple sclerosis: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(4):307-16. PubMed  
  4. Harding K, Williams O, Willis M, Hrastelj J, Rimmer A, Joseph F, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Escalation vs Early Intensive Disease-Modifying Therapy in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(5):536-41. PubMed  
  5. Brown JWL, Coles A, Horakova D, Havrdova E, Izquierdo G, Prat A, et al. Association of Initial Disease-Modifying Therapy With Later Conversion to Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA. 2019;321(2):175-87. PubMed  
  6. Buron MD, Chalmer TA, Sellebjerg F, Barzinji I, Christensen JR, Christensen MK, et al. Initial high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: A nationwide cohort study. Neurology. 2020;95(8):e1041-e51.
  7. Spelman T, Magyari M, Piehl F, Svenningsson A, Rasmussen PV, Kant M, Sellebjerg F, Joensen H, Hillert J, Lycke J. Treatment Escalation vs Immediate Initiation of Highly Effective Treatment for Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Data From 2 Different National Strategies. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Oct 1;78(10):1197-1204. PMID: 34398221 PubMed  
  8. Malpas CB, Manouchehrinia A, Sharmin S, Roos I, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Trojano M, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Bergamaschi R, Sola P, Ferraro D, Lugaresi A, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Grammond P, Grand'Maison F, Ozakbas S, Van Pesch V, Granella F, Hupperts R, Pucci E, Boz C, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Spitaleri D, Soysal A, Petersen T, Verheul F, Karabudak R, Turkoglu R, Ramo-Tello C, Terzi M, Cristiano E, Slee M, McCombe P, Macdonell R, Fragoso Y, Olascoaga J, Altintas A, Olsson T, Butzkueven H, Hillert J, Kalincik T. Early clinical markers of aggressive multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2020 May 1;143(5):1400-1413. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa081. PMID: 32386427. PubMed  
  9. Langer-Gould AM. Pregnancy and Family Planning in Multiple Sclerosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019;25(3):773-92 PubMed  
  10. Schweitzer F, Laurent S, Fink GR, Barnett MH, Hartung HP, Warnke C. Effects of disease-modifying therapy on peripheral leukocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2021 Jul;268(7):2379-2389. PMID: 32036423 PubMed  
  11. Claflin SB, van der Mei IAF, Taylor BV. Complementary and alternative treatments of multiple sclerosis: a review of the evidence from 2001 to 2016. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(1):34-41. PubMed  
  12. Cree BA, Kornyeyeva E, Goodin DS. Pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(2):145-50 PubMed  
  13. Siddiqui AH, Zivadinov R, Benedict RH, Karmon Y, Yu J, Hartney ML, et al. Prospective randomized trial of venous angioplasty in MS (PREMiSe). Neurology. 2014;83(5):441-9. PubMed  
  14. Zamboni P, Tesio L, Galimberti S, Massacesi L, Salvi F, D'Alessandro R, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Extracranial Vein Angioplasty in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(1):35-43. PubMed  
  15. Gramstad L, Sagabraten AS. Cannabis medicines in Norway--the basis for approval. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012;132(23-24):2598-9.
  16. Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. The relationship between cannabis use, depression and anxiety among Australian adults: findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being.
  17. Rudroff T. Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis-High Expectations, Poor Data. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1239. PubMed  
  18. Schwehr NA, Kuntz KM, Enns EA, Shippee ND, Kingwell E, Tremlett H, et al. Informing Medication Discontinuation Decisions among Older Adults with Relapsing-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. Drugs Aging. 2020;37(3):225-35. PubMed  
  19. Weideman AM, Tapia-Maltos MA, Johnson K, Greenwood M, Bielekova B. Meta-analysis of the Age-Dependent Efficacy of Multiple Sclerosis Treatments. Front Neurol. 2017;8:577. PubMed  
  20. Bonenfant J, Bajeux E, Deburghgraeve V, Le Page E, Edan G, Kerbrat A. Can we stop immunomodulatory treatments in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis? Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(2):237-44. PubMed  
  21. Gross RH, Corboy JR. Monitoring, Switching, and Stopping Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019;25(3):715-35. PubMed  
  22. Hartung HP, Meuth SG, Miller DM, Comi G. Stopping disease-modifying therapy in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021 Aug 1;34(4):598-603. PMID: 33990101. PubMed  
  23. Scalfari A, Neuhaus A, Degenhardt A, Rice GP, Muraro PA, Daumer M, et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 10: relapses and long-term disability. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 7):1914-29.
  24. Baird JF, Sandroff BM, Motl RW. Therapies for mobility disability in persons with multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2018;18(6):493-502. PubMed  
  25. Goodman AD, Brown TR, Krupp LB, Schapiro RT, Schwid SR, Cohen R, et al. Sustained-release oral fampridine in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9665):732-8. PubMed  
  26. Goodman AD, Brown TR, Edwards KR, Krupp LB, Schapiro RT, Cohen R, et al. A phase 3 trial of extended release oral dalfampridine in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(4):494-502. PubMed  
  27. Paltamaa J, Sjogren T, Peurala SH, Heinonen A. Effects of physiotherapy interventions on balance in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(10):811-23. PubMed  
  28. Kalb R, Brown TR, Coote S, Costello K, Dalgas U, Garmon E, et al. Exercise and lifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis throughout the disease course. Mult Scler. 2020;26(12):1459-69. PubMed  
  29. Urits I, Adamian L, Fiocchi J, Hoyt D, Ernst C, Kaye AD, et al. Advances in the Understanding and Management of Chronic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(8):59. PubMed  
  30. Foley PL, Vesterinen HM, Laird BJ, Sena ES, Colvin LA, Chandran S, et al. Prevalence and natural history of pain in adults with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2013;154(5):632-42. PubMed  
  31. Scholz J, Finnerup NB, Attal N, Aziz Q, Baron R, Bennett MI, et al. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic neuropathic pain. Pain. 2019;160(1):53-9. PubMed  
  32. Bendtsen L, Zakrzewska JM, Abbott J, Braschinsky M, Di Stefano G, Donnet A, et al. European Academy of Neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(6):831-49. PubMed  
  33. Kister I, Caminero AB, Herbert J, Lipton RB. Tension-type headache and migraine in multiple sclerosis. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14(6):441-8. PubMed  
  34. Terlizzi R, Merli E, Buccellato E, Giannini G, Favoni V, Pierangeli G, et al. P037. Headache in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and clinical features in a case control-study. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(Suppl 1):A83.
  35. Martinelli Boneschi F, Colombo B, Annovazzi P, Martinelli V, Bernasconi L, Solaro C, et al. Lifetime and actual prevalence of pain and headache in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008;14(4):514-21. PubMed  
  36. Freedman MS, Gray TA. Vascular headache: a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci. 1989;16(1):63-6. PubMed  
  37. Tortorella P, Rocca MA, Colombo B, Annovazzi P, Comi G, Filippi M. Assessment of MRI abnormalities of the brainstem from patients with migraine and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2006;244(1-2):137-41.
  38. Manjaly ZM, Harrison NA, Critchley HD, Do CT, Stefanics G, Wenderoth N, et al. Pathophysiological and cognitive mechanisms of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(6):642-51. PubMed  
  39. Brenner P, Piehl F. Fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis: pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Acta Neurol Scand. 2016;134 Suppl 200:47-54.
  40. Asano M, Finlayson ML. Meta-analysis of three different types of fatigue management interventions for people with multiple sclerosis: exercise, education, and medication. Mult Scler Int. 2014;2014:798285. PubMed  
  41. Thomas S, Thomas PW, Kersten P, Jones R, Green C, Nock A, et al. A pragmatic parallel arm multi-centre randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a group-based fatigue management programme (FACETS) for people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(10):1092-9 PubMed  
  42. Nourbakhsh B, Revirajan N, Waubant E. Treatment of fatigue with methylphenidate, modafinil and amantadine in multiple sclerosis (TRIUMPHANT-MS): Study design for a pragmatic, randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2018;64:67-76.40.Wilkins A. Cerebellar Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2017;8:312. PubMed  
  43. Nourbakhsh B, Revirajan N, Morris B et al. Safety and efficacy of amantadine, modafinil, and methylphenidate for fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20: 38–48
  44. Shangyan H, Kuiqing L, Yumin X, Jie C, Weixiong L. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of modafinil versus placebo in the treatment of multiple sclerosis fatigue. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018 Jan;19:85-89. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.10.011. Epub 2017 Oct 18. PMID: 29175676 PubMed  
  45. Wilkins A. Cerebellar Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2017;8:312. PubMed  
  46. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based, individualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides immediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int. 2020;25(1):e1798. PubMed  
  47. Mills RJ, Yap L, Young CA. Treatment for ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1):CD005029. Cochrane (DOI)  
  48. Feys P, D'Hooghe M B, Nagels G, Helsen WF. The effect of levetiracetam on tremor severity and functionality in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2009;15(3):371-8 PubMed  
  49. Van Der Walt A, Sung S, Spelman T, Marriott M, Kolbe S, Mitchell P, et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of botulinum toxin type A in MS-related tremor. Neurology. 2012;79(1):92-9. PubMed  
  50. Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM, Bonsel GJ, van Someren EJ, de Bie RM, et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(7):461-8. PubMed  
  51. Raju SS, Niranjan A, Monaco EA, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for medically refractory multiple sclerosis-related tremor. J Neurosurg. 2018;128(4):1214-21. PubMed  
  52. Sorensen TL, Frederiksen JL, Bronnum-Hansen H, Petersen HC. Optic neuritis as onset manifestation of multiple sclerosis: a nationwide, long-term survey. Neurology. 1999;53(3):473-8. PubMed  
  53. Aghaz A, Alidad A, Hemmati E, Jadidi H, Ghelichi L. Prevalence of dysphagia in multiple sclerosis and its related factors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Neurol. 2018 Oct 7;17(4):180-188. PMID: 31210903 PubMed  
  54. Solaro C, Rezzani C, Trabucco E, Amato MP, Zipoli V, Portaccio E, Giannini M, Patti F, D'Amico E, Frau J, Lorefice L, Bonavita S, Della Corte M, Grasso MG, Finamore L, Ghezzi A, Annovazzi P, Rottoli M, Gasperini C, Restivo D, Maimone D, Rossi P, Stromillo ML, Bergamaschi R. Prevalence of patient-reported dysphagia in multiple sclerosis patients: an Italian multicenter study (using the DYMUS questionnaire). J Neurol Sci. 2013 Aug 15;331(1-2):94-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.020. Epub 2013 Jun 6. PMID: 23747002.
  55. Ansari NN, Tarameshlu M, Ghelichi L. Dysphagia In Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Diagnostic And Evaluation Strategies. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2020 Mar 26;10:15-28. doi: 10.2147/DNND.S198659. PMID: 32273788 PubMed  
  56. Zanghì A, Cimino S, Urzì D, Privitera S, Zagari F, Lanza G, Patti F, D'Amico E. Pharmacotherapeutic management of lower urinary tract symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020 Aug;21(12):1449-1454. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1767068. Epub 2020 May 26. Erratum in: Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020 Jun 26;:1. PMID: 32452702.
  57. Medina-Polo J, Adot JM, Allué M, Arlandis S, Blasco P, Casanova B, Matías-Guiu J, Madurga B, Meza-Murillo ER, Müller-Arteaga C, Rodríguez-Acevedo B, Vara J, Zubiaur MC, López-Fando L. Consensus document on the multidisciplinary management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2020 Feb;39(2):762-770. doi: 10.1002/nau.24276. Epub 2020 Jan 15. PMID: 31943361.
  58. Massot C, Khenioui H, Agnani O, Guyot MA, Hautecoeur P, Donze C. Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women With Multiple Sclerosis. Int Neurourol J. 2016 Sep;20(3):224-231. doi: 10.5213/inj.1630490.245. Epub 2016 Sep 23. PMID: 27706005 PubMed  
  59. Kessler TM, Fowler CJ, Panicker JN. Sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(3):341-50. PubMed  
  60. Boeschoten RE, Braamse AMJ, Beekman ATF, Cuijpers P, van Oppen P, Dekker J, et al. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:331-41. PubMed  
  61. Feinstein A. The neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49(3):157-63. PubMed  
  62. Fiest KM, Bernstein CN, Walker JR, Graff LA, Hitchon CA, Peschken CA, et al. Systematic review of interventions for depression and anxiety in persons with inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):404. PubMed  
  63. Sumowski JF, Benedict R, Enzinger C, Filippi M, Geurts JJ, Hamalainen P, Hulst H, Inglese M, Leavitt VM, Rocca MA, Rosti-Otajarvi EM, Rao S. Cognition in multiple sclerosis: State of the field and priorities for the future. Neurology. 2018 Feb 6;90(6):278-288. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004977. Epub 2018 Jan 17. PMID: 29343470 PubMed  
  64. Benedict RHB, Amato MP, DeLuca J, Geurts JJG. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Oct;19(10):860-871. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30277-5. Epub 2020 Sep 16. PMID: 32949546.
  65. Branco M, Ruano L, Portaccio E, Goretti B, Niccolai C, Patti F, Chisari C, Gallo P, Grossi P, Ghezzi A, Roscio M, Mattioli F, Bellomi F, Simone M, Viterbo RG, Amato MP. Aging with multiple sclerosis: prevalence and profile of cognitive impairment. Neurol Sci. 2019 Aug;40(8):1651-1657. doi: 10.1007/s10072-019-03875-7. Epub 2019 Apr 23. Erratum in: Neurol Sci. 2020 Jan;41(1):243. PMID: 31011932.
  66. Foschi M, Rizzo G, Liguori R, Avoni P, Mancinelli L, Lugaresi A, et al. Sleep-related disorders and their relationship with MRI findings in multiple sclerosis. Sleep Med. 2019;56:90-7. PubMed  
  67. Lunde HM, Bjorvatn B, Myhr KM, Bo L. Clinical assessment and management of sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis: a literature review. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2013(196):24-30.
  68. Sakkas GK, Giannaki CD, Karatzaferi C, Manconi M. Sleep Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019 Jan 31;21(1):4. doi: 10.1007/s11940-019-0544-7. PMID: 30701337.
  69. National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference statement on Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults, June 13-15, 2005. Sleep. 2005 Sep;28(9):1049-57. doi: 10.1093/sleep/28.9.1049. PMID: 16268373. PubMed  
  70. Drerup M, Roth A, Kane A, Sullivan AB. Therapeutic Approaches to Insomnia and Fatigue in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021 Feb 16;13:201-207. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S256676. PMID: 33623461; PMCID: PMC7896778.
  71. Italian RSG, Manconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Filippi M, Bonanni E, Iudice A, et al. Multicenter case-control study on restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis: the REMS study. Sleep. 2008;31(7):944-52. PubMed  
  72. Silber MH, Buchfuhrer MJ, Earley CJ, Koo BB, Manconi M, Winkelman JW; Scientific and Medical Advisory Board of the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation. The Management of Restless Legs Syndrome: An Updated Algorithm. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021 Jul;96(7):1921-1937. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.12.026. PMID: 34218864. PubMed  
  73. Mashaqi S, Patel SI, Combs D, Estep L, Helmick S, Machamer J, Parthasarathy S. The Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation as a Novel Therapy for Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea-A Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 9;18(4):1642. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041642. PMID: 33572156; PMCID: PMC7914469.
  74. Levit E, Bouley A, Baber U, Djonlagic I, Sloane JA. Brainstem lesions are associated with sleep apnea in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2020 Nov 5;6(4):2055217320967955. doi: 10.1177/2055217320967955. PMID: 33224518; PMCID: PMC7649856.
  75. Tzelepis GE, McCool FD. Respiratory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Respir Med. 2015 Jun;109(6):671-9. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.01.018. Epub 2015 Feb 12. PMID: 25724874.
  76. Muhtaroglu M, Ertugrul Mut S, Selcuk F, Malkoc M. Evaluation of respiratory functions and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Belg. 2020 Oct;120(5):1107-1113. doi: 10.1007/s13760-018-0967-z. Epub 2018 Jul 4. PMID: 29974389.
  77. Lunde HMB, Assmus J, Myhr KM, Bø L, Grytten N. Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;88(8):621-625. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-315238. Epub 2017 Apr 1. PMID: 28365589 PubMed  
  78. Huang MH, Fry D, Doyle L, Burnham A, Houston N, Shea K, Smith H, Wiske L, Goode J, Khitrik E, Kolanda M. Effects of inspiratory muscle training in advanced multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Jan;37:101492. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101492. Epub 2019 Nov 1. PMID: 31707233.
  • Hanne Marie Bøe Lunde, spesialist i nevrologi, PhD
  • Øivind Torkildsen, spesialist i nevologi, professor PhD
  • Lars Bø, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med
  • Trygve Holmøy, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med