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PML (progressiv multifokal leukoencefalopati)

Sist oppdatert: Sist revidert:
Sist revidert av:
  1. Cortese I, Reich DS, Nath A. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the spectrum of JC virus-related disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021 Jan;17(1):37-51. doi: 10.1038/s41582-020-00427-y. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33219338 PubMed  
  2. Sharma K, Tolaymat S, Yu H, Elkhooly M, Jaiswal S, Jena A, Kakara M, Sriwastava S. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in anti-CD20 and other monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies used in multiple sclerosis: A review. J Neurol Sci. 2022 Oct 14;443:120459. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120459. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36283150. PubMed  
  3. Ho PR, Koendgen H, Campbell N, Haddock B, Richman S, Chang I. Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Nov;16(11):925-933. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30282-X. Epub 2017 Sep 29. PMID: 28969984. PubMed  
  4. Ryerson LZ, Foley J, Chang I, Kister I, Cutter G, Metzger RR, Goldberg JD, Li X, Riddle E, Smirnakis K, Kasliwal R, Ren Z, Hotermans C, Ho PR, Campbell N. Risk of natalizumab-associated PML in patients with MS is reduced with extended interval dosing. Neurology. 2019 Oct 8;93(15):e1452-e1462. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008243. Epub 2019 Sep 12. PMID: 31515290 PubMed  
  5. Breville G, Koralnik IJ, Lalive PH. Brainstem progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Mar;28(3):1016-1021. doi: 10.1111/ene.14617. Epub 2020 Dec 1. PMID: 33128290 PubMed  
  6. Bartsch T, Rempe T, Leypoldt F, Riedel C, Jansen O, Berg D, Deuschl G. The spectrum of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a practical approach. Eur J Neurol. 2019 Apr;26(4):566-e41. doi: 10.1111/ene.13906. Epub 2019 Feb 8. PMID: 30629326. PubMed  
  7. Kappos L, Bates D, Edan G, Eraksoy M, Garcia-Merino A, Grigoriadis N, Hartung HP, Havrdová E, Hillert J, Hohlfeld R, Kremenchutzky M, Lyon-Caen O, Miller A, Pozzilli C, Ravnborg M, Saida T, Sindic C, Vass K, Clifford DB, Hauser S, Major EO, O'Connor PW, Weiner HL, Clanet M, Gold R, Hirsch HH, Radü EW, Sørensen PS, King J. Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: updated recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Aug;10(8):745-58. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70149-1. PMID: 21777829. PubMed  
  8. Major EO, Yousry TA, Clifford DB. Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and risks associated with treatments for multiple sclerosis: a decade of lessons learned. Lancet Neurol. 2018 May;17(5):467-480. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30040-1. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2018 Jul;17(7):578. PMID: 29656742. PubMed  
  9. Hodel J, Outteryck O, Dubron C, Dutouquet B, Benadjaoud MA, Duhin E, Verclytte S, Zins M, Luciani A, Rahmouni A, Pruvo JP, Vermersch P, Leclerc X. Asymptomatic Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Natalizumab: Diagnostic Precision with MR Imaging. Radiology. 2016 Mar;278(3):863-72. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2015150673. Epub 2015 Oct 5. PMID: 26436861. PubMed  
  10. Wijburg MT, Witte BI, Vennegoor A, Roosendaal SD, Sanchez E, Liu Y, Martins Jarnalo CO, Uitdehaag BM, Barkhof F, Killestein J, Wattjes MP. MRI criteria differentiating asymptomatic PML from new MS lesions during natalizumab pharmacovigilance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;87(10):1138-45. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313772. Epub 2016 Aug 16. PMID: 27530808. PubMed  
  11. Warnke C, von Geldern G, Markwerth P, Dehmel T, Hoepner R, Gold R, Pawlita M, Kümpfel T, Mäurer M, Stangel M, Wegner F, Hohlfeld R, Straeten V, Limmroth V, Weber T, Hermsen D, Kleinschnitz C, Hartung HP, Wattjes MP, Svenningson A, Major E, Olsson T, Kieseier BC, Adams O. Cerebrospinal fluid JC virus antibody index for diagnosis of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 2014 Dec;76(6):792-801. doi: 10.1002/ana.24153. Epub 2014 May 8. PMID: 24729444 PubMed  
  12. Mentzer D, Prestel J, Adams O, Gold R, Hartung HP, Hengel H, Kieseier BC, Ludwig WD, Keller-Stanislawski B. Case definition for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following treatment with monoclonal antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;83(9):927-33. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302478. Epub 2012 Jul 17. PMID: 22807558. PubMed  
  13. Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB, Davis L, Koralnik IJ, Sejvar JJ, Bartt R, Major EO, Nath A. PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology. 2013 Apr 9;80(15):1430-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1. PMID: 23568998 PubMed  
  14. Clifford DB, De Luca A, Simpson DM, Arendt G, Giovannoni G, Nath A. Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Apr;9(4):438-46. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70028-4. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2010 May;9(5):463. DeLuca, Andrea corrected to De Luca, Andrea. PMID: 20298967. PubMed  
  15. Scarpazza C, Prosperini L, De Rossi N, Moiola L, Sormani MP, Gerevini S, Capra R; Italian PML group. To do or not to do? plasma exchange and timing of steroid administration in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 2017 Nov;82(5):697-705. doi: 10.1002/ana.25070. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29023856. PubMed  
  16. Bernard-Valnet R, Koralnik IJ, Du Pasquier R. Advances in Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 2021 Aug 17. PMID: 34405435. PubMed  
  17. Clifford DB, Ances B, Costello C, Rosen-Schmidt S, Andersson M, Parks D, Perry A, Yerra R, Schmidt R, Alvarez E, Tyler KL. Rituximab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Neurol. 2011 Sep;68(9):1156-64. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.103. Epub 2011 May 9. PMID: 21555606 PubMed  
  18. Hall CD, Dafni U, Simpson D, Clifford D, Wetherill PE, Cohen B, McArthur J, Hollander H, Yainnoutsos C, Major E, Millar L, Timpone J. Failure of cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 243 Team. N Engl J Med. 1998 May 7;338(19):1345-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199805073381903. PMID: 9571254. PubMed  
  19. Royal W 3rd, Dupont B, McGuire D, Chang L, Goodkin K, Ernst T, Post MJ, Fish D, Pailloux G, Poncelet H, Concha M, Apuzzo L, Singer E. Topotecan in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol. 2003 Jun;9(3):411-9. doi: 10.1080/13550280390201740. PMID: 12775425. PubMed  
  20. Clifford DB, Nath A, Cinque P, Brew BJ, Zivadinov R, Gorelik L, Zhao Z, Duda P. A study of mefloquine treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: results and exploration of predictors of PML outcomes. J Neurovirol. 2013 Aug;19(4):351-8. doi: 10.1007/s13365-013-0173-y. Epub 2013 Jun 4. PMID: 23733308 PubMed  
  21. Przepiorka D, Jaeckle KA, Birdwell RR, Fuller GN, Kumar AJ, Huh YO, McCutcheon I. Successful treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with low-dose interleukin-2. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997 Dec;20(11):983-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701010. PMID: 9422479. PubMed  
  22. Harel A, Horng S, Gustafson T, Ramineni A, Farber RS, Fabian M. Successful treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with recombinant interleukin-7 and maraviroc in a patient with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. J Neurovirol. 2018 Oct;24(5):652-655. doi: 10.1007/s13365-018-0657-x. Epub 2018 Jul 9. PMID: 29987583. PubMed  
  23. Stefoski D, Balabanov R, Waheed R, Ko M, Koralnik IJ, Sierra Morales F. Treatment of natalizumab-associated PML with filgrastim. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019 Apr 8;6(5):923-931. doi: 10.1002/acn3.776. PMID: 31139690 PubMed  
  24. Cortese I, Beck ES, Al-Louzi O, Ohayon J, Andrada F, Osuorah I, Dwyer J, Billioux BJ, Dargah-Zada N, Schindler MK, Binder K, Reoma L, Norato G, Enose-Akahata Y, Smith BR, Monaco MC, Major EO, Jacobson S, Stroncek D, Highfill S, Panch S, Reich DS, Barrett J, Nath A, Muranski P. BK virus-specific T cells for immunotherapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an open-label, single-cohort pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):639-652. PMID: 34302788 PubMed  
  25. Beudel M, Rövekamp F, van de Beek D, Brouwer M. Single-Dose Pembrolizumab Treatment for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 May 26;8(4):e1021. PMID: 34039733 PubMed  
  26. Cortese I, Muranski P, Enose-Akahata Y, Ha SK, Smith B, Monaco M, Ryschkewitsch C, Major EO, Ohayon J, Schindler MK, Beck E, Reoma LB, Jacobson S, Reich DS, Nath A. Pembrolizumab Treatment for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2019 Apr 25;380(17):1597-1605. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1815039. Epub 2019 Apr 10. PMID: 30969503. PubMed  
  27. Muftuoglu M, Olson A, Marin D, Ahmed S, Mulanovich V, Tummala S, Chi TL, Ferrajoli A, Kaur I, Li L, Champlin R, Shpall EJ, Rezvani K. Allogeneic BK Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 11;379(15):1443-1451. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1801540. PMID: 30304652 PubMed  
  28. Lambert N, El Moussaoui M, Maquet P. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Identifying relevant outcome factors. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Nov;28(11):3814-3819. PMID: 34251719. PubMed  
  29. Boumaza X, Bonneau B, Roos-Weil D, Pinnetti C, Rauer S, Nitsch L, Del Bello A, Jelcic I, Sühs KW, Gasnault J, Goreci Y, Grauer O, Gnanapavan S, Wicklein R, Lambert N, Perpoint T, Beudel M, Clifford D, Sommet A, Cortese I, Martin-Blondel G; Immunotherapy for PML Study Group. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Treated by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Ann Neurol. 2022 Sep 24. doi: 10.1002/ana.26512. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36151879. PubMed  
  30. Lalive PH, Bridel C, Ferfoglia RI, Kaiser L, Du Pasquier R, Barkhof F, Haller S. Minimal supportive treatment in natalizumab-related PML in a MS patient. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;86(3):354-5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308154. Epub 2014 Jun 23. PMID: 24957322. PubMed  
  31. Scarpazza C, Signori A, Prosperini L, Sormani MP, Cosottini M, Capra R, Gerevini S; Italian PML Group. Early diagnosis of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: longitudinal lesion evolution. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 Mar;90(3):261-267. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319208. Epub 2018 Nov 2. PMID: 30389778. PubMed  
  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor Phd
  • Hanne Marie Bøe Lunde, spesialist i nevrologi, PhD
  • Lars Bø, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD