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Alzheimers sykdom (AD)

Sist oppdatert: Sist revidert:
Sist revidert av:
  1. Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan CC, Tan L. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014. pmid:24876182 PubMed  
  2. Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, et al.. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13(6):.: 614–629. pmid:24849862 PubMed  
  3. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, et al. . Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. . Alzheimers Dement 2011. pmid:21514248 PubMed  
  4. Alzheimer A. Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allg Zeitschr Psychiatr. 1907;64:146-8. PubMed  
  5. Siafarikas N, Selbaek G, Fladby T, Šaltytė Benth J, Auning E, Aarsland D. Frequency and Subgroups of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Different Stages of Dementia in Alzheimer's Disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018; 30(1):: 103–113. pmid:28927477 PubMed  
  6. Scarmeas N, Albert M, Brandt J, et al. . Motor signs predict poor outcomes in Alzheimer disease.. Neurology 2005; 64(10):: 1696–1703. . pmid:15911793 PubMed  
  7. Cannon-Albright LA, Foster NL, Schliep K, et al. Relative risk for Alzheimer disease based on complete family history. Neurology 2019. PMID: 30867271 PubMed  
  8. Barnes DE, Yaffe K. . The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. . Lancet Neurol 2011; 10(9): : 819–828.. pmid:21775213 PubMed  
  9. Alty J, Farrow M, Lawler K. Exercise and dementia prevention. Pract Neurol. 2020 May;20(3):234-240. PMID: 31964800. PubMed  
  10. Marx J.. Neuroscience. Preventing Alzheimer's: A Lifelong Commitment? . Science . 2005. pmid:16081709 PubMed  
  11. Beh SC1, Muthusamy B2, Calabresi P3, Hart J4, Zee D3, Patel V5, Frohman E6.. Hiding in plain sight: a closer look at posterior cortical atrophy. Pract Neurol 2015; Feb;15(1): 5-13. pmid:25216669 PubMed  
  12. Contador J, Pérez-Millan A, Guillen N, Tort-Merino A, Balasa M, Falgàs N, Olives J, Castellví M, Borrego-Écija S, Bosch B, Fernández-Villullas G, Ramos-Campoy O, Antonell A, Bargalló N, Sanchez-Valle R, Sala-Llonch R, Lladó A. Baseline MRI atrophy predicts 2-year cognitive outcomes in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol. 2021 Oct 19. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10851-9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34665329. PubMed  
  13. Fiford CM, Sudre CH, Young AL, Macdougall A, Nicholas J, Manning EN, Malone IB, Walsh P, Goodkin O, Pemberton HG, Barkhof F, Alexander DC, Cardoso MJ, Biessels GJ, Barnes J; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Presumed small vessel disease, imaging and cognition markers in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Brain Commun. 2021 Oct 7;3(4):fcab226. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab226. PMID: 34661106; PMCID: PMC8514859.
  14. Nicastro N, Assal F, Seeck M. . From here to epilepsy: the risk of seizure in patients with Alzheimer's disease.. Epileptic Disord 2016. pmid:26907471 PubMed  
  15. Buchhave P, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Wallin AK, Blennow K, Hansson O. . Cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia. . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012. pmid:22213792 PubMed  
  16. Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U, et al.. CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Lancet Neurol. 2016. pmid:27068280 PubMed  
  17. Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, Londos E, Blennow K, Minthon L. . Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Lancet Neurol. 2006. pmid:16488378 PubMed  
  18. McKhann, D Drachman, M Folstein, R Katzman, D Price, E M Stadlan . Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group Under the Auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology . 1984. pmid: 6610841 PubMed  
  19. Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, et al.. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease.. Alzheimers Dement 2018. pmid:29653606 PubMed  
  20. Aisen PS, Cummings J, Jack CR Jr, et al. . On the path to 2025: understanding the Alzheimer's disease continuum. . Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017. pmid: 28793924 PubMed  
  21. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. . The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. . Alzheimers Dement. 2011. pmid:21514250 PubMed  
  22. Soysal P, Isik AT, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Volpe M, Luchini C, D'Onofrio G, Pilotto A, Manzato E, Sergi G, Schofield P, Veronese N.. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are associated with weight loss in older people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Jun 3. PMID: 27261502 PubMed  
  23. Schmidt R, Hofer E, Bouwman FH, Buerger K, Cordonnier C, Fladby T, Galimberti D, Georges J, Heneka MT, Hort J, Laczó J, Molinuevo JL, O'Brien JT, Religa D, Scheltens P, Schott JM, Sorbi S. EFNS-ENS/EAN Guideline on concomitant use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol 2015; 22: 889-98. pmid:25808982 PubMed  
  24. Loi SM, Eratne D, Kelso W, Velakoulis D, Looi JC.. Alzheimer disease: Non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms.. Australas Psychiatry 2018. pmid:29671334 PubMed  
  25. Farlow MR, Shamliyan TA. Benefits and Harms of Atypical Antipsychotics for Agitation in Adults With Dementia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017. pmid: 28111239 PubMed  
  26. Neerland BE, Watne LO, Wyller TB.. Delirium hos eldre pasienter Delirium in elderly patients. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2013. pmid:23970274 PubMed  
  27. Pietroboni AM1, Scarioni M1, Carandini T1, Basilico P1, Cadioli M2, Giulietti G3, Arighi A1, Caprioli M1, Serra L3, Sina C2, Fenoglio C1, Ghezzi L1, Fumagalli GG1, De Riz MA1, Calvi A1, Triulzi F2, Bozzali M3,4, Scarpini E1, Galimberti D1.. CSF β-amyloid and white matter damage: a new perspective on Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017. pmid:29054920 PubMed  
  28. Bousiges O, Bombois S, Schraen S, Wallon D, Quillard MM, Gabelle A, Lehmann S, Paquet C, Amar-Bouaziz E, Magnin E, Miguet-Alfonsi C, Delbeuck X, Lavaux T, Anthony P, Philippi N, Blanc F; ePLM network and collaborators. Cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer biomarkers can be useful for discriminating dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease at the prodromal stage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 May;89(5):467-475. PMID: 29321140 PubMed  
  29. Johnson KA1,2,3,4,5, Schultz A1,6,4, Betensky RA7,8, Becker JA1,3, Sepulcre J1,3,6,5, Rentz D2,4,5, Mormino E2,4, Chhatwal J2,4,5, Amariglio R2,4,5, Papp K2,4,5, Marshall G2,4,5, Albers M2,5, Mauro S1,3, Pepin L1,3, Alverio J1,3, Judge K1,3, Philiossaint M1,3, Shoup T1,3, Yokell D1,3,5, Dickerson B1,2,6,5, Gomez-Isla T2,5, Hyman B2,5, Vasdev N1,3,5, Sperling R2,6,4,5.. Tau PET imaging in aging and early Alzheimer's disease.. Ann Neurol. 2015. pmid:26505746 PubMed  
  30. Frisoni GB, Bocchetta M, Chételat G, Rabinovici GD, de Leon MJ, Kaye J, Reiman EM, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Black SE, Brooks DJ, Carrillo MC, Fox NC, Herholz K, Nordberg A, Jack CR Jr, Jagust WJ, Johnson KA, Rowe CC, Sperling RA, Thies W, Wahlund LO, Weiner MW, Pasqualetti P, Decarli C. Imaging markers for Alzheimer disease: which vs how. Neurology 2013; 81(5): 487-500. Neurology  
  31. Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan CC, Tan L.. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 ; Jan;86(1): 101-9. pmid:24876182 PubMed  
  32. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7: 263 – 9. pmid: 21514250 PubMed  
  33. Schmidt R, Hofer E, Bouwman FH, et al.. EFNS-ENS/EAN Guideline on concomitant use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2015. pmid:25808982 PubMed  
  34. Eratne D, Loi SM, Farrand S, Kelso W, Velakoulis D, Looi JC. . Alzheimer's disease: clinical update on epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis. . Australas Psychiatry . pmid:29614878 PubMed  
  35. Watne LO Wyller TB. Delirium – framleis underdiagnostisert Delirium – still underdiagnosed. . Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2018. pmid:29513435 PubMed  
  • Sigrid Botne Sando, spesialist i nevrologi, dr med
  • Anne Brækhus, spesialist i nevrologi, dr med
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med