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Dystoni

Sist oppdatert: Sist revidert:
Sist revidert av:
  1. Albanese A1,2, Di Giovanni M1, Lalli S1,2.. Dystonia: diagnosis and management. Eur J Neurol. 2019; Jan;26(1):: 5-17.. pmid:30035844 PubMed  
  2. Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, Delong MR, Fahn S, Fung VS, Hallett M, Jankovic J, Jinnah HA, Klein C, Lang AE, Mink JW, Teller JK. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 863-73. pmid:23649720 PubMed  
  3. van Egmond ME, Lagrand TJ, Lizaitiene G, Smit M, Tijssen MAJ. A novel diagnostic approach for patients with adult-onset dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 Oct;93(10):1039-1048. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328120. Epub 2022 Jun 10. PMID: 35688632 PubMed  
  4. Hirsig A, Barbey C, Schüpbach MWM, Bargiotas P. Oculomotor functions in focal dystonias: A systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020 May;141(5):359-367. doi: 10.1111/ane.13224. Epub 2020 Feb 12. PMID: 31990980. PubMed  
  5. van Egmond ME1, Kuiper A1, Eggink H1, Sinke RJ2, Brouwer OF1, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC2, Sival DA3, Tijssen MA1, de Koning TJ4. Dystonia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and a new diagnostic algorithm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014. pmid:25395479 PubMed  
  6. Balint B, Vincent A, Meinck HM, Irani SR, Bhatia KP. Movement disorders with neuronal antibodies: syndromic approach, genetic parallels and pathophysiology. Brain. 2018 Jan 1;141(1):13-36. PMID: 29053777 PubMed  
  7. Molloy A, Williams L, Kimmich O, Butler JS, Beiser I, McGovern E, O'Riordan S, Reilly RB, Walsh C, Hutchinson M. Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015. pmid:25904812 PubMed  
  8. Simonyan K, Barkmeier-Kraemer J, Blitzer A, Hallett M, Houde JF, Jacobson Kimberley T, Ozelius LJ, Pitman MJ, Richardson RM, Sharma N, Tanner K; The NIH/NIDCD Workshop on Research Priorities in Spasmodic Dysphonia/Laryngeal Dystonia. Laryngeal Dystonia: Multidisciplinary Update on Terminology, Pathophysiology, and Research Priorities. Neurology. 2021 May 25;96(21):989-1001. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011922. Epub 2021 Apr 15. PMID: 33858994. PubMed  
  9. Phua CS, Kumar KR, Levy S. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic clues to Neurometabolic causes of dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2020 Oct 3;419:117167. PMID: 33039633. PubMed  
  10. Sadnicka A, Kassavetis P, Pareés I, Meppelink AM, Butler K, Edwards M. Task-specific dystonia: pathophysiology and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;87(9):968-74 . pmid:26818730 PubMed  
  11. Sadnicka A, Kassavetis P, Pareés I, Meppelink AM, Butler K, Edwards M. Task-specific dystonia: pathophysiology and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Jan 27. pii: jnnp-2015-311298 . pmid:26818730 PubMed  
  12. Petracca M, Lo Monaco MR, Ialongo T, Di Stasio E, Cerbarano ML, Maggi L, De Biase A, Di Lazzaro G, Calabresi P, Bentivoglio AR. Efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin treatment for acquired cervical dystonia: a 25-year follow-up. J Neurol. 2022 Sep 6. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11343-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36068376. PubMed  
  13. Comella CL, Thompson PD. Treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinumtoxins. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13 (suppl 1): 16-20. PMID:16417593 PubMed  
  14. Skogseid IM, Røislien J, Claussen B, Kerty E. Long-term botulinum toxin treatment increases employment rate in patients with cervical dystonia. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 1604-9. PMID: 16114026 PubMed  
  15. Marion MH, Humberstone M, Grunewald R, Wimalaratna S. British Neurotoxin Network recommendations for managing cervical dystonia in patients with a poor response to botulinum toxin. Pract Neurol. 2016 Aug;16(4):288-95 . pmid:26976927 PubMed  
  16. Hainque E, Vidailhet M, Cozic N, Charbonnier-Beaupel F, Thobois S, Tranchant C, Brochard V, Glibert G, Drapier S, Mutez E, Doe De Maindreville A, Lebouvier T, Hubsch C, Degos B, Bonnet C, Grabli D, Legrand AP, Méneret A, Azulay JP, Bissery A, Zahr N, Clot F, Mallet A, Dupont S, Apartis E, Corvol JC, Roze E. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial of zonisamide in myoclonus-dystonia. Neurology. 2016 May 3;86(18):1729-35 . pmid:27053715 PubMed  
  17. FitzGerald JJ1, Rosendal F2, de Pennington N3, Joint C3, Forrow B3, Fletcher C3, Green AL1, Aziz TZ1. Long-term outcome of deep brain stimulation in generalised dystonia: a series of 60 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014 ; Dec;85(12): 1371-6. pmid:24691580 PubMed  
  18. Meoni S1,2, Fraix V1, Castrioto A1, Benabid AL1, Seigneuret E1, Vercueil L1, Pollak P1,3, Krack P1,3, Chevrier E1, Chabardes S1, Moro E1.. Pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia: a long term study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017. pmid:28972096 PubMed  
  19. Tsuboi T, Cauraugh JH, Wong JK, Okun MS, Ramirez-Zamora A. Quality of life outcomes after globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in idiopathic or inherited isolated dystonia: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Sep;91(9):938-944. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322575. Epub 2020 Jul 30. PMID: 32732389. PubMed  
  20. Horisawa S, Kawamata T, Taira T.. 3. Unilateral pallidotomy for blepharospasm refractory to botulinum toxin injections.. Eur J Neurol. 2017. pmid:28643956 PubMed  
  21. Hao Q, Wang D, OuYang J, Ding H, Wu G, Liu Z, Liu R. Pallidal deep brain stimulation in primary Meige syndrome: clinical outcomes and psychiatric features. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Oct 7:jnnp-2020-323701. PMID: 33028603. PubMed  
  22. BMC Neurol 2013; 13: 85. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-85 DOI  
  23. Lungu C, Considine E, Zahir S, Ponsati B, Arrastia S, Hallett M.. Pilot study of topical acetyl hexapeptide-8 in the treatment for blepharospasm in patients receiving botulinum toxin therapy.. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20(3): 515-8. pmid:23146065 PubMed  
  24. Ryuji K. Dystonia. Handb Clin Neurol 2013; 116: 485-9. pmid:24112917 PubMed  
  25. Erro R, Tinazzi M, Morgante F, Bhatia KP.. Non-invasive brain stimulation for dystonia: therapeutic implications.. Eur J Neurol. 2017. pmid:28782903 PubMed  
  26. Asmus F, Gasser T. Dystonia-plus syndromes. Eur J Neurol 2010; Suppl 1: 37-45. pmid:20590807 PubMed  
  • Unn Ljøstad, spesialist i nevrologi, professor PhD
  • Åse Mygland, spesialist i nevrologi, professor dr med
  • Emilia Kerty, spesialist i nevrologi og øyesykdommer, professor dr med